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Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)872-4503 


r*i 


i     M^. 


i/.x 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHIVI/ICIVIH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


\ 


\ 


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.^^ 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


0 

D 
D 

n 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 

Covers  damaged/ 
Couverture  endommagde 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurde  et/ou  pelliculde 

Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  gdographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


I      I    Coloured  plates  and/or  illi^strations/ 


□ 


D 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 


Bound  w'th  other  material/ 
Relid  avec  d'autres  documents 


Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

Lareliure  serree  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  intdrieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajout^es 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  filmdes. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppl^mentaires; 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6t6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-dtre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  m^thode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiqu6s  ci-dessous. 


D 
D 

0 


y 


n 


V 


y 


n 


Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagdes 

Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaur6es  et/ou  pelliculdes 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  d^color^es,  tachet^es  ou  piqu^es 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d6tach^es 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Quality  indgale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  matdriel  supplementaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalemenv  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6t6  filmies  d  nouveau  de  fagon  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  balow/ 

Ce  document  est  filmd  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqu6  ci-dessous. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


The 
tot! 


The 
posi 
of  tl 
film 


Orig 

begl 

the 

sion 

othc 

first 

sion 

or  11 


The 
shal 
TINI 
whli 

Map 
diffc 
entii 
hegi 
-  -jhi 
.  tqu 
metl 


9Ry 


•wv 


12X 


y 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Library  of  the  Public 
Archives  of  Canada 


L'exemplaire  film6  fut  reproduit  grAce  d  la 
g6n6rosit6  de: 

La  bibliothdque  des  Archives 
publiques  du  Canada 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  bank  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  pege  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  -^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Les  images  su'vantes  ont  6t6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettetd  de  l'exemplaire  film6,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimde  sont  film^s  en  commenpant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  film6s  en  commenpant  par  la 
premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  — ►  signifie  "A  SUIVRE  ",  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN  ". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
heginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 

^ht  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
.  iquired.  The  following  diagrams  illustrt-te  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  §tre 
filmds  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diffirents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clich6,  il  est  filmd  d  partir 
de  Tangle  sup6rieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  ndcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mdthode. 


1  2  3 


32X 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

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"  N., 

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A 


■/!>      ■  »-J»»' 


GEOGEAPHICAL  VIEW. 


jOMMMMkawwMiM 


*'****'«*****%^»*i,^/«*«-^^ 


««•».-■ 


OF    THE    PROVINCE    OF 

■    ♦'  ■.  ■  ■  ■  '  ■■-■•'■- 

iKi>  radMisciroDs  remarks  tri on  the  government. 


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WITH  ikN  APPENBIX 


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C<^NTAININ6^  A  COMPLETE  BESCRirriON  OP  TBji 


m^aL&MiAFALLU. 


.  f'; 


*  AlsTD  REMARKS    RELATIVE    TO   TRE  BITTXAT!0>r  Or  THE 
mj^ABITANTS  RESPECTING  THE  WAR. 


BY  M.  SMITH. 


HARTFORD  a  % 

Y  -  ■  ^.  .       ....■»« 

i»B.I^XEJ>   rOFv  THE  AUTHOR,   BY   HAIE  ^  HOSMIX. 


Fc 


BI3T8XCT  OrCONNECTlCTJT,  TO  WIT  : 

^SEALV 

JjE  IT  REMEMBEniso,  That  on  thjB  Twenty.Fourth 
day  of  April,  in  the  thirty-seventh  yew  of  the  Independence  of 

§«  Uiuted  State*  of  America,  MICHAEL  SMITH,  of  the  said 
iatrlet,  hath  deposited  in  this  oflSce,  the  title  of  a  book,  the 
light  Whereof  he  cladms  as  author,  in  the  woMsfollowingi  to  wit : 
**  A  geographical  view  of  the  Province;^  Upper  Caiiada,  aiid 
Promiscuous  remarks  upon  the  gpoifUri^ment.  In  tyiro  paits. 
\rith  an  Appen<Ux,  containing  a  complete  description  of  th^  Kia- 
pm.  Falls,  and  reniArks  relative  to  thie  situation  of  the  kJiabit- 
ants  respecting  the  war.    ByM.  Smith"  V  : 

In  conformity  to  the  aiet  of  Congress  of  the  Ttnited  States,- enti- 
lled  "An  Act  for  the  encourageinent  of  Ici^i "Xung, by  securing 
the  copies  of  Maps,  Charts,  and  Books,  to  the  authors  and  pro- 
prietors of  such  copies,  during  the  times  therein  jlnentioh^/* 

H.  W,  EDWARDS, 
Clerk  of  the  District  6/ Cohnestkut, 
A  true  copy,  examined  and  sealed  by  me, 

H.  W.  EDWARDS, 
Clerkof  the  District  of  C'9tmectii;ut, 


-A< 


ADVERTISEMENT. 


\K 


It  is  proper,  here  to  inform  the  public,  and  par- 
ticularly those  who  subscribed  for  this  work  more 
than  a  year  ago,  that  more  than  two  years  since  I 
made  application  to  the  then  governour  of  Upper 
Canada,  Francis  Gore,  Esq.  for  liberty  to  take  and 
print,  a  Geographical  and  Political  View  of  the  Pro- 
vhice,  and  obtained  his  approbation.  In  June,  181% 
I  agreed  with  the  printers  in  Buffalo,  for  the  pub. 
licatM)n  of  the  work,  and  sent  them  part  of  the  manu- 
script be|bre  the  declaration  of  war,  which  event  pre 
v^ftuted  the  publication.  In  December,  by  virtue  02 
a  proclamation  of  the  governour,  in  favour  of  citi- 
zm  belonging  to  the  United  States,  I  obtained  a 
passport  to  leave  the  Province  with  others,— and  at 
\h^  same  time  my  manuscript  was  taken  from  me: 
however,  from  what  loose  papers  which  I  retained, 
and  ifcpm  those  in  Buffalo,  I  have  formed  as  perfect 
a  geographical  (\i  not  political)  account  as  possible. 


PREFACE. 

It  is  a,  common  practice  among  authors,  to  beg 
.^introduction  of  their  works  to  the  pufehc,  by  mak- 
ing an  humble  apology  for  the  crime  of  writing ; 
but  I  cannot  conceive  that  I  have  done  wrong  in 
publishing  this  work,  but  ratlier, lament  that  it  has 
not  appeared  sooner,  and  better  executed.  Howev- 
er, it  may  not  be  amiss  to  inform  the  public  that. I 
was  induced  to  this  business  about  three  years  ago 
while  in  Canada,  from  a  belief  that  a  full  and  impar- 
tial account  of  the  Province,  would  be  aqceptabk  and 
useful  to  my  fellow-citizens,  as  of  late  years  ipipiy 
have  been  in  the  habit  of  moving  there.  And  I 
also  knew  that  a  correct  geographicaLac^ punt  of  the 
province  of  Upper  Canada  had  never  b^n ,  publish^ 
ed  ;  whatever  had  been,  wais  brief  &nd  defective.  I 
jmay  add,  that  the  mildness  of  the, climate,  fte^tility 
of  the  soil,  benefit  pf  trade,  cheapness  of  the  land, 
and  morals  of  the  inhabitants,  so  far  e^^ceeded  my 
expectations  and  the  apprehensions  of  the  public  in 
general ;  I  deemed  it  my  duty  to  make  known  the 
same. 

I  will  also  observe,  that  I  have  wrote  from  experi- 
mental knowledge,  and  not  merely  firom  what  has 


,Vr)  ■ 


•m 


\ 


PRCFACE. 


!,  to  beg 

by  mak- 
writing ; 
vrong  in 
L?it  it  has 

Howev- 
lic  tkati 
ears  ago 
d  iflipar- 
tabl^  and 

And  I 

mt  of  the 
^publisji-'^ 
ctive.    :  I 
fertility 
the  land,     ' 
ided  my  *>^ 
mhlic  in 
own  the 


been  Buggested  by  others.  Some  may  imagine,  be- 
cause  I  write  thus,  that  I  have  a  partiality  for  the 
fingUsh — but  this  I  solemnly  deny  ;  I  only  describe 
things  in  their  true  characters,  with  the  impartiality 
of  an  historian.  I  began  this  before  the  war ;  I  un- 
dertook it  with  an  earnest  desire  to  benefit  some,  I 
care  not  who ;  if  any  are  benefitted  I  shall  be  gratifi- 
ed ;  in  short,  I  write  this  Pro  Bono  Publico, 
WwcHfisTBR,  April  16>  1813. 


a2 


n  expen- 
rhat  has 


t 


t-,^' 


P4BT  i 


T 


V 


Descbiption  or  tke  Disthict  ot  London,  (Upper 

Canada..) 

This  district  is  bminded  east  by  Indian  land,  on 
Grand  River,  north  by  the  wilderness,  west  by  the 
t\cstern  district  at  Detroit,  and  south  by  Lake  Erie, 
along  the  north  sliore  of  whieli  it  extends  about  nine- 
ty miles.  The  district  of  liondon  is  certakly  much 
the  best  part  of  Canada.  It  issiufficiently  level,  very 
rich,  and  beautifully  variegated  with  small  hills  and 
fertile  vallies,  through  which  flow  a  number  of  pearly 
streams  of  almost  the  best  water  in  the  worid. 

In  this  district  there  is  a  large  quantity  of  natural 
plains,  though  not  in  very  large  bodies,  and  not  en- 
tirely clear  of  timber.  This  land  has  a  handsome 
appearance,  and  affords  jBne  roads  and  pasture  in 
summer.  Here  the  farmer  Iip  ')ut  little  to  do  only 
to  fence  his  land,  and  put  in  the  plough  which  indeed 
requires  a  strong  team  at  fiist,  but  afterwards  may 
be  tilled  with  one  horse.  These  plains  are  mostly 
in  the  highest  parts  of  the  ground,  are  very  rich  and 
well  adaT»ted  for  wheat  and  clover :.     The  surfaGC  of 


rT" 


the  earth  in  this  difitrict  is  almost  entirely  clear  of 
stone  ;  it  is  of  a  sandy  quality,  f^pccially  the  plains) 
which  renders  it  very  easy  for  cultivation. 

This  district  is  situated  in  the  41st  degree  of  north 
latitude,  and  is  favoured  with  a  temperate  climate* 
The  summers  are  sufficiently  long,  to  bring  all  the 
crops  to  perfection,  if  planted  in  season :  indeed  there 
is  hardly  ever  any  kind  of  produce  injured  by  the 
frost. 

This  is  the  best  part  of  Canada  for  wheat,  and  I 
believe  of  any  part  of  the  world :  from  twenty  to 
thu"ty-five  bushels  are  commonly  gathered  from  one 
acre  of  ground,  perfectly  sqund  and  clear  from  smut. 
Corn  thrives  exceedingly  well,  as  also  all  other 
kmds,  of  grain.  Apples,  peaches,  cherries,  and  all 
kinds  of  fruit  common  to  the  United  SUtes,  flour- 
ish very  well  here.  Woodland  sells  from  two  to  live 
dollars  an  acre.  The  timber  of  this  district  con- 
mts  of  almost  all  kinds  common  to  the  United  States. 

The  inhabitants  of  this  district  enjoy  a  greater  de* 
gree  of  health,  than  is  common  to  observe  in  irost 
places:  but  doubtless  there  are  reasons  for  ihia, 
founded  on  natural  prmciples,  and  among  which  are 
the  following: 

Ist.  The  inhabitants  are  from  their  prosperous  si- 
tuation, exempt  from  the  necessity  of  labouring  too 
hard,  and  at  the  same  time  are  called  to  a  moderate 
share  of  industry^  which  promotes  the  health  of  the 
body  and  mind. 


T^ 


y  clear  of 
he  plains) 

D  of  north 
climate* 
g  all  the 
leed  there 
i  by  the 

!at,  and  I 
wenty  to 
from  one 
cm  smut* 
^l  other 
and  all 
tes,  flour* 
i^o  to  five 
trict  con- 
x\  States* 
eater  de* 
in  irost 
for  thisg 
^hich  are 

erous  si- 
iring  too 
noderate 
Lhof  the 


.   9 

2d»  The  most  of  iho  people  were  poor  when  they 

.first  catfiie  to  the. province:  of  course  iiad  been  ac- 
customed to  live  on  the  simple  necessities  of  life,  and 
yet  retain  a  wise  moderaiion  in  eating  and  drinking, 
which  also  very  much  prevents  the  introduction  of 

-disease.  «     ^^  - 

3d.  The  climate  is  quite  temperate,  and  accord- 
ing to  the  observation  of  many  who  liave  lived  in  the 
place  ten  years,  budden  changes  from  hot  to  <'old, 

-or  cold  to  hotj.  is  not  so  common  as  in  most  placiesin 
the  United  States,  or  Europe.  TJie  winter  commen- 
ces gradually,  and  goes  off  in  like  manner.     The 

isnow  in  tlife  district  has  [never  been  known  to  be 
more  than  20  inches  deep,  and  generally  not  more 
than  12.  V   .r^v..,- 

4th.  All  the  water  in  this  district  is  clear  from 
,  any  foreign  body,  is  piu'e,  ^nd  of  the  lightest  order  ; 
the  most  of  the  people  make  use  of  springs  or  brooks, 
which  are  in  great  plenty,  are  clear  and  cool  nine 
months  in  the  year :  neither  are  they  very  ol ten  made 
muddy  by  rain,  the  land  tlurough  wlich  they  run 
being  of  a  sandy  quality.      . 

6th.  The  soil  being  of  a  sandy  quality,  as  observ- 
ed above,  naturally  produces  sound  and  sweet  grain, 
and  vegetables :  the  using  of  which  very  much  pro- 
motes the  health  of  the  consumer. 

6th.  The  people  of  /this  Canadian  paradise  are 


'■•■VmlXllia 


10 

mon'^to  observe  in  most  places,  which  also  very 
much  pi:e8erveg  the  health  of  man,  while  a  contriiry 
disposition  tends  to  destjfoy  it. 

Thia  District  is  divided  into  three  counties,  viz. 
Norfolk,  Middlesex,  and  Oxford,  and  twenty-fiva 
townships,  all  of  wfeich  I  will  describe  in  a  brief 
manner.  (  - 

,1  ■         _     ■      - 

OF  NORFOLK  COUNTY. 
This  County  lies  in  the  south-east  part  of  the  dis- 
trict, joining  the  shore  of  Lake  Erie,  and  is  divided 
into  nine  townships,  generally  nine  miles  wide,  where 
they  join  on  the  lake  shore,  and  twelve  miles  in  length 
towfurds  the  north. 

WALPOLE. 

This  township  lies  in  the  south-east  corner  of  Hit 
county,  joining  the  Indian  land  on  the  Grand  River, 
and  the  lake  shore.  It  is  tolerably  well  supplied 
with  timber  of  various  kinds.  The  ground  is  level, 
and  very  rich ;  though  thinfy  settled,  in  consequence 
of  large  bodies  of  land  together  being  owned  by  peo- 
ple in  England. 

It  cotttains  1  gunnsmith,  1  store,  1  school,  1  saw- 
mill, 1  tanner,  2  shoe-makers,  and  1  taylor. 

RAINHAM. 

This  lies  joining  and  west  of  Walpole,  on  the  lake 
shore,  and  is  also  thinly  inhabited ;  yet  it  is  very  rich 
isind,  finely  Umbered,  and  clear  from  stone,  though 


Ail 


Is 

supp] 

from 

beaul 

Thei 

most 

sily  c 

not  ( 

seen  ( 

thro\ 

great 

I  hai 

cultii 

cd, 

Sicre. 


V 


n 


also  tcry 
a  contriiry 

« 

lotles,  viz. 
twenty-five 
in.&  brief 


of  the  dis- 
is  divided 
ide,  where 
s  in  len^^th 


ner  of  the 
xnd  River, 
I  supplied 
id  is  level, 
^sequence 
Bd  by  peo- 

oJ,  1  saw* 


m  the  lake 
I  verv  rich 
e,  though 


\' 


some  parts  are  overflowed  with  shallow  ponds  of  wa- 
iter. There  are  also  large  bodies  of  land  in  this  town- 
ship, owned  by  the  rich  of  England  and  other  coun- 
tries, which  very  much  events  the  population  of 
the  town. 

It  contains  two  large  streams  of  water,  viz.  Stony 
Creek  and  Nanticoke,  with  several  smaller  ones — 1 
blacksmith,  1  taylor,  *  1  mason,  1  tanner,  2  shoe-ma- 

«*!  kers,  1  joiner,  1  grist-mill,  2  saw-mills,  1  distillo.'y,  1 
store,  1  school,  one  religious  society  (Dutch  Luthe- 
rans),  and  1  divine. 

WOODHOUSE, 
Is  thickly  inhabited  by  rich  farr  ^rs ;  and  is  well 
supplied  with  timber  of  various  kinds,  three  mOe» 
from  the  lake  shore ;  after  which  it  is  chiefly  plains, 

yf  beautifully  interspersed  with  fine  groves  of  tunber. 

l[  The  soil  of  this  township  is  of  a  sandy  quality,  al- 
most  entirely  free  from  stone,  and  of  course  very  ea- 
sily cultivated.  This  kind  of  sandy  land  is  very  rich, 
not  only  on  the  surface,  but  far  beneath.  I  have 
seen  corn  and  other  things  planted  on  sand  that  was 
thrown  up  from  5  to  ;20  feet  deep,  which  grew  to 
great  perfection ;  nor  will  it  wear  out  in  a  short  time. 
I  have  known  land  of  this  kind  in  the  township  under 
cultivation  sixteen  yeaurs,  without  ever  being  manur- 
ed, to  produce  twenty-five  bushels  of  wheat  per 
acre. 


k*. 


I! 


"'■BiT'-i'tmnaaliM 


12 

This  township  has  been  eettkd  twenty  yeaFS,  wilh 
people  from  New^ Jersey,  New-York,  and  Permsylva- 
nia ;  and  is  famous  for  apples  aud  peaches.  It  is 
watered  with  three  large  etreanasj  which  afford  ma~ 
ny  fine  falls  for  water-works^  viz.  Young's,  Patters'vri's^ 
and  Black  Greel^;  together  with  several  other  snm^i- 
er  ones ;  and  one  sulphurous  springs  It  contains  t-,vo 
blacksmiths,  six  grist-mills,  (in  twopjaees),  seven  j>&w 
mills,  one  fulling-miU,  one  carding-mill,  six,  distiilo 
lies,  seven  stores,  two  masons,  thfee  joiners,  two  tai 
lors,  four  shoe-makers,  thiee  weavers,  one  hatter,  two 
religious  societies  Methodist  one  Divine,  (MO  one 
meeting-house  (M.),  one  village  (Dover),. one  philoso^ 
phical  society,  three  schools,  three  physiciafls,  on*{  at^ 
torney,  and  one  masonic  sodetyrf 

CHARLOTTE  VIIJLE^ 

This  township  lies  still  westof  Woadhouse,  and 
will  bear  nearly  the  eaiue  description,  although  (if 
,  possible)  better  watered.     It  has  been  settled  aboul 
seventeen  years,  by  people  from  the  United  States, 

It  contains  four  grist-iuills,  three  saw-mills,  three 
distilleries,  three  tanners,  four  shoe-makers,  two  tai- 
lors, tlu-ee  blacksmiths,  four  carpenters,  two  stores, 
two  hatters,  one  potter,  one  physician,  two  religious 
societies  (one  Methodist  and  one  Baptist;,  one  meet- 
ing-house (B.),  two  public  buildings  (a  court-house 
and  jail),  one  singing-school,  and  three  reading-schools. 
Aucrc  iti  iiiiuc  oi  eACciicut  uou  ore,  lately  di>'co^ 
vered.     There  are  also  Some  large  though  shallow 


>j 


1 


18 


Permsy  I  va- 
lues. It  IS 
afford  nia- 
PattersfiTi'Sj 
ther  Enrdl" 
ontainslwo 

six,  distil kv 
♦s,  two  tai* 
Matter,  two 
;,  (MO  one 
ne  phfloso- 
«ig,  on*!  at- 


iiouse,  and 
ithougli  (if 
tied  about 
1  States, 
lilis,  three 
fi,  two  tai- 
two  storefcy 
3  religiotis 
one  njeet^ 
iourt-hou«6 
ng-schools. 
teiy  difco^ 
jh  shaUow 


marshes,  or  natural  meadows,  from  which  tJicrc  is  an- 
nually taken  a  large  qiiaw*ity  of  hay. 

WALS      GHAM,^ 

Lies  directly  west  or  rather  south-west  of  Char- 
lotteville,  on  the  lake  sliore.  The  soil  is  very  rich 
and  level,  and  better  timbered  than  Charlotteville, 
though  not  quite  so  well  watered,  nor  so  thickly  set- 
tled.  The  greater  part  of  the  inhabitants  are  Dutch. 

It  contains  one  grist-mill,  one  saw-mill,  two  distil- 
leries, one  tanner,  two  shoe- makers,  two  blacksmiths, 
one  tailor,  two  weavers,  tliree  joiners,  two  masons,  one 
hatter,  one  religious  society  (Methodist),  and  two 
schools.  - 

HOUGHTON, 

Is  directly  south-west  of  Walsingham,  on  the  lake 
shore,  and  will  bear  nearly  tlie  same  description, 
though  it  is  thinly  settled,  except  on  the  cast  side, 
the  land  being  chiefly  owned  by  gentlemen  in  Eng- 
land. 

It  is  watered  with  one  fine  stream,  called  Big  Creek. 

MIDDLETON, 

Lies  north  or  back  of  Houghton  and  Walsingham. 
In  this  townsliip  there  are  many  plauis  and  natural 
meadows — well  watered,  rich,  and  clear  of  stone, 
though  as  yet  without  improvement.     Big  Creek 

*  From  this  township,  extends  Long-Poiut,  18  miles  into  the 
lake.    No  one  lives  on  it. 


I  ! 


14 

flows  through  this  township,  on  the  banks  of  which 
is  a  sulphu-   us  spring  of  great  strength. 

WINDHAM, 

Joins  Middleton  on  the  cast,  and  Charlotteville 
and  Woodhouse  on  the  north.  It  is  partly  plain  ami 
partly  timber-land,  very  rich,  clear  of  stone,  well  wa- 
tered, and  tolerably  thick  settled  with  a  civil  and  in- 
dustrious people  frbm  the  United  States. 

Unimproved  land  sells  cheap  here— from  one  ind 
a  half  to  three  dollars  an  acre. 

It  contains  two  shoe-makers,  two  tailors,  three  wea- 
vers, two  joiners,  one  mason,  one  tanner,  one,  hatter, 
one  store,  two  schools,  two  religious  societies  (one  Coii- 
gregationalist  and  one  Methodist),  one  circulating  11- 
brary,  and  one  Divine  (Congregationalist.) 

TOWNSEND. 

This  township  joins  Windham  on  the  east,  and 
Woodhouse  and  Rainham  on  the  north,  is  chietly 
rich  natural  plains,  which  are  beautifully  intersperst  I 
with  groves  of  timber,  level,  well  watered,  and  cleat 
of  stone.  It  is  thickly  settled  with  rich  farmers,  wlio 
raise  great  quantities  of  grain  and  cattle. 

Townsend  contains  four  grist-mills  in  two  places, 
three  saw-mills,  three  blacksmiths,  three  distillerieL% 
two  tanners,  four  shoe-makers,  two  weavers,  four  join 
ers,  one  hatter,  one  mason,  three  physicians,  four 
stores,  one  mine  of  red  clay  nearly  equal  to  Spanisli 
brown,  two  Divines  (one  Baptist  and  one  Methodist), 


15 


;  of  which 


arlotteviiie 
f  plain  and 
e,  well  wa« 
[vil  and  in- 

m  one  and 

three  wea- 
one,  hatter, 
;s  (one  Cbiii; 
culating  U- 

) 

e  east,  and 
I,  is  chi(?tty 
nterspersed 
l,and  ckae 
Liraers,  who 

two  places, 
distillerlci^, 
rs,  four  join 
icians,  fonr 
[  to  Spanisf} 
JMethodist), 


•t* 


two  meeting-houses  (one  Congregationalist  and  one 
Baptist),  and  four  schools. 

OF  OXFORD  COUNTY. 

This  County  is  situated  north  of  Norfolk  and  Mid- 
dlesex, towards  the  heads  of  the  Thames  and  Grand 
rivers,  and  is  divided  into  six  townships,  about  twelve 
miles  square. 

BURFORD, 

Lies  north  of  Townsend,  joining  the  Indian  land 
on  the  east.  It  is  partly  plains,  level,  rich,  sandy, 
well  watered,  and  pretty  thickly  settled. 

It  contains  two  tailors,  one  hatter,  one  tanner,  three 
shoe-maker?,  two  blacksmiths,  two  joiners,  one  grist- 
mill, two  saw-milli^,  one  distillery,  one  fuUJig-mill, 
three  physicians,  two  religious  societies  (Methodists), 
and  tliree  schools.  . 

BLENHIEM, 

Lies  north-west  of  Burford.  It  consists  of  plains 
and  timbered  land,  rich,  well  watered,  and  tolerably 
thick  settled. 

It  contains  two  grist-mills,  two  saw-mills,  one  tan: 
ner,  two  shoe  makers,  two  blacksmiths,  one  distilleryi| 
two  weavers,  and  two  joiners. 

OXFORD. 

This  township  lies  west  of  Blenhiem  and  Burford^ 
h  rich,  well  watered,  thickly  timbered,  settled,  and 
well  improved  by  industrious  people,  from  the  States 


16 


of  Ncw-Yort  and  Vermont.     This  township  is  it 
raous  for  making  butter  and  cheese. 

It  contains  two  grigt-railjs,  two  saw-mills,  two  di^v 
tilleries,  two  tanners,  three  shoe-makers,  two  itasonH, 
twa  hatters,  two  carpenters,  three  blacksmiths,  iv  o 
tailors,  one  fulling-mill,  two  physicians,  one  i>iv1nf^ 
(Baptist,)  three  religious  societies  (two  Metboan^i 
and  one  Baptist),  one  court-house,  and  a  jail. 

NORWICH, 

Lies  west  of  Oxford  on  the  beautiful  river  Thamee, 
is  very  rich  and  exceeding  well  watered  tl»migfr 
tolerably  thick  set  with  timber. 

This  Township  has  not  been  settled  more  ihrn. 
seven  years,  yet  it  contains  a  considerable  nunsl>e,-'  f>l 
iithabittints,  chiefly  from  the  State  of  Ne\N'Y€rk. 
They  are  mostly  Quakers,  or  Friends,  and  luive  a 
decent  meeting-house  for  the  w  orship  of  God. 

It  contains  one  grist-mill,  two  saw-mills,  one  tm- 
ner,  two  shoe-makers,  one  tailor,  tw^o  black-£  uitlis, 
two  carpenters,  three  ^  fiavers,  one  hatter,  one  potti  r, 
one  physician,  and  two  schools. 

DIERHAM, 

Is  good  land,  well  watered,  though  but  thMj 
settled :     It  is  thick  set  with  timber. 

It  contains  one  blacksmith,  t\ro  shoe-maker.?, 
joiner,  one  religious  society,  (Methodist.) 


Oil* 


that 

■■  i  l;;e ; 

n-  r>l'  ( 

■l'^ine< 
Tt 

lliiose 
latl 

[tlie  I 
huire. 


hip  is  it 

,  two  -li^- 

iiithg,  i'vvo 

le  Dlvtiic 
lethodists 
il. 

r  Th'iime§, 
d  tl|Oiigli- 

uore  11i;m 
nunsh 

S'e\\'-Yo:rlr. 
1(1  ii^Tc-a 
Jod. 
!,  one  tail- 

onepf^i^cr, 


but  U-U^ilr- 
takers-,  orn 


I 


r 


BLENFORD, 

Is  nearly  like  Dierham,  and  contains  one  saw-mill, 
me  blacksmith,  two  schools,  one  tanner,  two  shoe* 
lakers,  one  joiner,  and  one  religious  society,  (Metho- 

..list.) 


n 


m 


'  ''■3 


OF  MIDDLESEX  COUNTY. 

This  county  lies  directly  southwest  of  Norfolk, 
Joining  the  lake  shore,  and  is  exceeduig  rich,  well- 
watered  with  a  number  of  fine  streams,  is  level,  aqd 
fvaost  entirely  clear  of  stone.     The  common  growtlt 
^    timber  is  bass,  black  and  white  walnut,  with 
iii  ekory,  maple,  and  oak.  ,        , 

It  is  not  more  than  two  years  jfrom  the  time  I 
uiite,  April  1812,  since  this  county  has  been  open 
ft>f  settlement,  of  course  it  cannot  be  expected 
In  at  there  are  many  water  works,  mechanics,  or  the 
Ike;  I  therefore  shall  omit  naming  the  number  in 
ay  Township,  but  proceed  to  name  the  Townships, 
aiid  on  what  terms  this  excellent  land  may  be  ob- 
tJ!]ned.# 

This  County  is  divided  into  ten  Townships : 
)se  lying  on  the  lake  shore  are  Malahide,  Bayham, 
[;  nithhold,  Yarmouth,  and  Dunwich:  Those  on 
th«  north  part  are  Dorchester,  Westminster,  Dcla- 
are,  Yarmouth,  and  Marlborough. 


*"  These  remarks  were  wrote  before  the  declaration  of  war. 

a  2. 


lil'MiJIIillM 


t 


The  laud  is  exceeding  rich  in  these  Townships 
and  the  surface  more  level  than  is  common,  there 
being  no  signs  of  trees  having  been  formerly  turned 
up  by  the  roots  here  or  any  where  the  west  side  oil 
the  Grand  River. 

Some  few  years  ago  there  was  a  road  opened  by 
the  government  eight  miles  fi'om  the  shore  of  Lake 
Erie,  parallel  with  the  same,  about  fifty  miles  long, 
as  also  one  on  the  lake  shore  and  another  from  the 
middle  to  the  north.  On  both  sides  of  this  road 
bts  of  ^00  acres  of  land  have  been  given  to  settlers 
by  the  King,  and  now  may  be  obtained  by  any 
person  on  the  following  terms. 

First,  every  person  that  wants  a  lot  of  200  acres 
(dfor  no  one  person  can  get  more  fiom  the  King) 
must  take  the  oatli  of  allegiance  to  his  majesty  be- 
fore some  of  his  majesty's  justices  of  the  peace,  a 
certificate  of  which  he  must  procure. 

Secondly,  he  must  then  go  to  Col.  Thomas  Tal- 
bert,  now  agent  for  the  King  respecting  the  land, 
who  lives  on  the  place,  and  shew  him  the  certificate 
of  the  oath,  and  inform  him  of  the  a\  ish  to  obtain  a 
lot  for  settlement,  who  will  point  out  those  that  are 
not  engaged  ;  they  may  then  take  their  choice. 

Thirdly.  They  must  then  pay  to  Col.  Talbert,  or 
gome  other  proper  person,  37"  dollars  and  a  half,  for 


' 


i       Fo 

acres 
feet  ( 
dowr 
of  th 
of  wl 
of  th 
I  Fii 
?>e  ac 
end  c 
W 

..01. 

whic 

j'|iip')n 

^,VfUC 


dolia 

(;cpei 
in 

If  of  by 

is  of  G( 

lives 


rownshipg 
ion,  there 
ly  turned 
est  side  of 

opened  by 
re  of  Lake 
liles  longj 
from  the 
this  road 
to  settlers 
d  by  any 

200  acres 
the  Kmg) 
najesty  be- 
le  peace,  a 

Lomas  Tal- 
2j  the  land, 
!  certificate 
to  obtain  a 
se  that  are 
loice. 

Talbert,  or 
a  half,  for 


19 

t 

/  Fourthly.  . luey  then  must  witliin  the  term  of 
1,  two  years,  clear  fit  for  cultivation,  and  fence,  ten 
acres  of  the  lot  obtained  and  build  a  house  16  by  20 
feet  of  logs  (or  frame)  with  a  shingled  roof,  also  cut 
down  all  the  timber  in  front  of  and  the  whole  width 
of  the  lot,  which  is,^  chains  133  feet  wide,  33  feet 
of  which  mast  \yt  cleared  smooth  and  left  fot  half 
of  the  public  road.# 

Fifthly.  They  must  with,  or  without  a  family, 
Ixi  actual  settlers  on  the  said  lot,  within  and  at  the 
f^nd  of  two  years. 

When  all  the  things  are  done  (no  matter  how  soon) 
Col.  Talbert  will  give  them  a  certificate  of  the  same, 
ivhich  they  must  take  to  the  Land  Office  in  York, 
upon  which  they  will  get  a .  deed  for  the  said  lot, 
which  is  a  deed  of  s^ift  from  the  King.  The  37  1-2 
dollars  called  the  fees  is  what  necessarily  arises  ^ :.  an 
c  cpense  from  the  surveying  and  giving  it  out; 

in  the  spring  of  1812  there  were  600  lots  taken  up 
for  f^ettlement  and  was  then  400  more  to  be  disposed 
of  by  government,  besides  about  300  in  the  possession 
o{  Col.  Talbert  to  be  sold  at  private  sale.    ' 

The  aettlers  of  these  lots  are  almost  altogether  nar- 
ivts  of  the  United  States. 


'»  The  cutting  of  the  timber  for  133  feet  is  oir-itted  as  a  settling 
duty  on  lots  which  lie  off  from  tlie  main  road. 


FdRT  II 


Genekal  Remarks  on  the  Geograpuical  State 
OP  THE  whole  Province. 

Situation  and  extent.^Th^  Province  of  Upper- 
Canada  lies  between  41^  and  40  minuted  and  47  de- 
grees north  latitude,  and  extends  along  the  northern 
banks  of  the  river  St.  Lawrence,  the  Lakes  Ontario 
and  Erie,  and  the  water  communication  from  Lake 
Superiour  about  seven  hundred  miles,  and  is  five 
hundred  mfles  wide,  according  to  an  imaginary  line 
thatdivides  it  from  New-Britain  on  the  nt  rth.     The 
line  that  divides  it  from  the  lower  province  begins  in. 
latitude  45  at  Lake  St.  Francisco,  and  takes  a  north- 
west course  by  Lake  Tomis,  canting  until  it  meets 
the  imaginary  line  just  mentioned. 

The  line  that  divides  the  upper  province  from, 
the  United  States  commences  near  the  above  lake 
and  is  a  ground  line  a  considerable  distance,  some  disl 
tance  above  the  St.  Regis  village  of  Indians:  then 
through  the  middle  of  the  river  St.  Lawrence  to 
Uie^beginning  of  Lake  Ontario,  thence  through  the  , 
uuMh  uf  a  to  iha  outlet  of  Lake  jik-ie,  then  through 


feCttl 


any  ( 
Shoi 


CAL    STAXJt; 


of  Upper- 
nd  47  de- 
le  northern 
cs  Ontario 
from  Lake 
nd  is  £ve 
binary  line 
rth.  The 
B  begins  in, 
!S  a  north- 
it  meets- 

ince  from, 
bove  lakCj 
some  d  is- 
ms.•  then 
nence  to 
ough  the 
» through 


21 

the  middle  of  the  out-let  to  the  beginning  of  the  said 
l.ake,  then  :through  the  middle  of  it  to  tJie  head 
near  Detroit;  so  tlirough  the  middle  of  tlie  water 
eommunication  and  Lakes  3t.  Clair,  Huron,  Superi- 
or,  Long-Lake,  and  Lake  of  the  Woods :  thence  a 
due  west  course  to  the  head  waters  of  the  river  Mis- 
jisippi. 

In  these  bounds  there  is  a  very  largo  quantity  of 
r\xeeding  fertile  land  uninhabited,  particularly  in 
Ike  south  western  parts.  Here  nature  blooms,  un- 
irod  by  man  and  sjniles  with  virgm  charms  to  draw 
him  hence. 

Nor  do  I  doubt  but  that  the  time  is  near  when 

settlements  will  be  made  in  these  regions,  enpecially 

'  his  Majesty's    successour  to  the   British  throne 

aould  possess  such    a    benevolent    disposition    as 

i^eorge  HI.  who  has  always  been  willing  to  give 

•my  one  land  in  the  province  without  money  or  price. 

Should  this  be  the  case,  the  wilderness  will  soon  be- 

ome  a  fruitful  field,  and  the  desert  like  the  garden 

ol  Eden.f 

Soil  and  Surf  ace, -^Theve  are  no  mountains  in  the 
jljruvince  of  Upper -Canada,  and  but  very  few  hills  of 
m,y  considerable  hcighth :  yet  the  country  is  not  of 
ja  clear  level,  but  affords  enough  of  small  hills  and 

t  These  remarks  were  wrote  before  the  declaration  of  war  by 
I  rie  ^T-merieaii  goyerrmieni  against  England  or  the  invasion  of 
T  Canada. 


PBgr-^p""*"^- 


high  bodies  of  ground  to  render  it  agrceai)Ie  to  the 
eye,  and  on^^enjent  for  cultivation,  buildings,  water- 
Works,  e  c.  !^  c. 

Hie  naoumn'n  iJope  or  siidden    rise  of  ground, 
wlkkh  divides  the  waters  of  Lake  Erie  from  Lake 
Ontario,  begins  (I  ki.ow  not  how  far)  northwest  from 
the  lieud  of  Lake  Ontario,  or  what  is  called  Burling- 
ton Bay,  it  extends  around  tht;  head  of  the  Bay  a 
south-east  course,  then  an  easterly  course  near  the 
south  shore  of  Lake  Ontario,  (one  or  two  miles)  till 
it  crosses  the  out-let  of  Lake   Erie,   uhere   it  is 
fifteen  miles  to  the  sbuUi  of  Ontario.      This  rise, 
towers  m  some  places  hve  hundred  feet  high,  almost 
perpendicular,  aboundmg  with  craggy  rocks :  but  in 
general,  is  not  more  than  two  hundred  and  fifty  or 
three  hundred  feet,  and  then  the  ascent  is  very  gra- 
dual, mostly  in  the  form  of  an  English  summer  gar- 
den, with  natural  offsets  about  five  hundred  yards 
wide :  there  are  commonly  two  of  thmc  offsets.     On 
these  offsets  are  plantations  with  inhabitants,  who 
have  very  extensive  and  beautiful  prospects,  especial- 
ly those  who  reside  on  the  top. 

Here  the  eye  can  gaze  with  pleasure  oh  ail  the  fer- 
tile  fields  below,  and  has  an  unbomided  view  of  the 
Lake  Ontaiio,  and  some  of  the  novthern  shore.  On 
top  of  this  rise  of  ground,  the  whole  country  k  itveJ 
fertile  and  beautiful,   no  hill  to  descend  or  rise!      « 
-^-  «,.   ..i,  TTM.vwi5  oii  liic  souiusucie  oi  this  slope      § 


run 

fine 

for 

1 

iTO 

of  01 

ft  ^'"^ 

I    and 
S 
mt 

eU  6 

forn 

A 

Ootc 

side] 
h  lei 
of  tt 
Che  ^ 
all, 
li'^at] 

T] 

1  ce(?di 

I A     , 


23 


cable  to  the 
iiiigs,  water- 

of  groimd, 
from  Lake 
Ihwe^t  from 
led  Burlirig- 
the  Bay  a 
se  near  the 
►  miles)  till 
►here   it  is 

This  rise, 
igh,  almost 
cks :  but  in 
nd  fifty  or 
3  very  gra- 
immer  gar- 
Ired  yards 
ffsets.  On 
itants,  who 
ts,  egpecial- 

ail  the  fer- 
ritw  of  the 
re.  On  J«  ' 
•y  ib  itvel, 
I  or  rise, 
this  slope 


I  mn  into  Lake  Erie ;  though  there  are  a  few  that 
lirjd  their  way  through  the  slope,  and  afford  fine  f  Jls 
for  water  works. 

What  is  called  tj  e  SO  the  30  md  40  mile  creeks 
go  through  the  slope  and  afford  excellent 
f'ulfi,  on  which  there  are  famouF  water  works  at  pre- 
mn..  A  considerable  part  of  this  slop  is  composed 
of  craggy  limestone  rock,  particularly  the  steep  parts, 
ar)<l  from  which  flow  a  great  nurabtr  of  fine  springe 
and  broikt,  wii  rh  water  the  fertile  plains  below. 

Soutliwest  of  the  Niagara  falls  about  30  miles,  and 
W  hr  from  the  close  of  Lake  Erie,  there  are  what 
arf>  called  the  short  hills.  Some  of  these  have  the 
form  of  little  mountains,  though  none  ol  them  are 
!iigh  or  hard  of  ascent,  and  may  be  cultivated  nearly 
all  over. 

All  along  and  not  far  from  thn  north  shore  of  Lake 
Ontario  the  ground  rises  tolerably  sudden  and  con- 
?klerrbly  high,  after  which  the  country  to  the  north 
i  level  enough.  There  are  few  stone  on  the  surface 
<)[  the  ground,  in  any  part  of  the  province,  and  on 
Ihe  west  side  of  the  Grand  River  there  is  no  stone  at 
ail,  worth  naming,  yet  there  are  stone  enough  be- 
ri'^ath  the  surface  almojt  every  where  and  in  many 
pkvcefj  limtbtone  is  plenty. 

The  soil  of  the  Province  of  Upper  Canada  is  ex- 
ceeding good  in  every  part,  yet  if  possible  it  is  the 
i;cst  in  the  upper  part  west  and  southwest  of  the 


!   H 


Ifl 


m 


li 


lilUi 


III 


head  of  the  Bay  Quaatie  around  the  north  shore 
and  head  of  Lake  Ontario,  and  the  west  side  of  the 
Grand  River,  in  the  London  district  already  describ- 
ed. The  lower  part  of  the  Province  ip  sand  and  clay, 
mixed ;  from  the  head  of  the  Bay  Quantie  to  the 
head  of  Lake  Ontario,  it  is  altogether  a  black  light 
rich  mould,  in  most  places  seven  inches  deep,  after 
which  it  is  brown  clay.  On  the  Grand  River  or  In- 
dian Land  and  ih  the  London  District,the  soil  is  sand, 
brown  loam  and  clay. 

Natural   Production.     The  timber  of  the  lower 
part  of  the  Province,  is  chieOy  hemlock,  birch,  and 
beach.     That  of  the  middle  part,  or  from  the  begin- 
ning of  Lake  Ontario  to  the  head,  is  chiefly  beach, 
sugar  maple,  and  white  pine.     On  and  west  of  the 
Grand  River  the  chief  of  the  timber  is  white  pine. 
Elm,  bass,   black  walnut,  and  the  different  oaks, 
chesnut  and  the  like,  indeed  in  this  part  of  the  pro- 
vince are  found  all  the  varieties  in  the  United  States ; 
also  some  of  the  trees  of  the  balm  of  Gilead,  one  of 
a  majestic  appearance  stands  M  miles  west  of  Ni- 
a.e:ara  on  the  main  road.     In  the  lower  part  of  the 
province  there  is  but  little  of  any  kind  of  wild  fruit, 
but  in  the  middle  part  there  are  several  sorts,  parti- 
cularly whortleberries  and  rioe.#     In  the  western 

*  This  rice  grows  in  the  bottom  of  several  shallow  Lakes  •  the 
stalk  is  nearly  like  the  stalk  of  oats.  The  en-aln  :«  l.w,..  Vk^j, 
common  rice,^not  so  white,  but  rather  of  a  better  taste"and  not 


2d 


3  north  shore 
t  side  of  th? 
eady  describ- 
md  and  clay, 
lantie  to  the 
black  light 
3  deep,  after 
River  or  In- 
le  soil  is  sand, 

f  the  lower 
;,  birch,  and 
n  the  begin- 
defly  beach, 
L  west  of  the 
white  pine, 
rerent  oaks^ 
i  of  the  pro- 
lited  States^ 
ilead,  one  of 
west  of  Ni« 
part  of  the 
'  wild  fruit,   I 
'Orts,  parti- 
he  western 

w  Lakes ;  the 

-     O*'*      •-'i-il 

taste  and  not 


^ 


and  arc 


part  tJicre  arc  a  great  variety  of  wild  fruits,  „»^  «,c 
the  following :  Cranberries,  raspberries,  blackberries 
grapes,  sarvesberries,  wild  potatoes,  whieli  were  ex' 
needing  useful  to  the  first  inhabitants,  strawberries 
plumbs  of  a  very  good  sort,  as  also  a, great  quantity 
of  tlie  best  crab  apples  I  ever  saw,  which  the  inha- 
bitants of  new  settlements  use  by  preserving  with 
the  molasses  of  pumpkins. 

^gnmllurc-^ln  the  lowev  part  of  the  province, 
there  are  considerable  quai^tities  of  wheat,  oats,  and 
peas  raised.    In  the  middle  part,  wheat,  rye,  oats, 
peas/hemp,  flax,  and  some  corn.    In  the  western 
p^rts  the  product  is  wheat,    which  thrives  better 
here  than,  in  other  parts ;  rye,  oats,  and  corn,  come 
to    grcE^t   perfection    as  also    buckwheat.         All 
kinds  of  roots  and  vegetables    flourish  well  in  any 
part  of  the  province,  but  especially  in  f  he  west. 
Apples  come  to  perfection  in  any  part  of  the  pro- 
evince^  though  peaches  cannot  be  raised  in  the  lower 
end,  but  do  exceeding  veil  within  3()0  miles  of  the 
-west  end  of  the  province,  as    also  cherries,  pears, 
plums,  apricots,  and  the  like. 

All  kinds  of  tame  cattle  do  well  in  any  part  of 
tJie  province,  but  especially  horned  cattle  and  sheep 

90  hard  to  clean.    The  Indians  collect  it  with  their  canoes,  and 
sell  very  chenp. 


1  i; 

Ml 


26 


thrive  here,  and  are  exceeding  healthy.     Bees  do 
exceeding  well  on  Lake  Erie. 

Climate,' — The  climate  of  the  Upper  Province  v. 
temperate,  especially  near  the  head  of  Lake  Ontario 
and  on  west  joining  the  shore  of  Lake  Erie.     All 
this  part  of  the  province   lies  in  the  same  latitude 
as  from  Trenton  in  the  State  of  New- Jersey,  to  Hart- 
ford in  Connecticut,  yet  as  it  is  several  degrees  t 
the  west,  it  is  warmer  than  the  weather  in  the  sami 
latitude  east.     It  is  also  evident  from  the  experienct 
and  journal  of  several  discerning  persons,  that  have 
lived  nearly  twenty  years  in  this  part  of  CanatUi, 
that  the  weather  does  not  change  so  often  and  su  ! 
den  from  heat  to  cold  and  cold  to  heat  as  in  mod 
other  places ;  nor  are  the  seasons  of  wet  and   dry  k:; 
extreme  as  they  are  in  the  United  (especially  ihe 
southern)  States.     The  show  ers  of  rain  are  moderiM 
and   plentiful  owing  perhaps  to  the  Iwunty  of  liea 
ven,  and  the  multitude  of  fine  lakes  of  water  wll|i 
which  the  province  abounds. 

The  air  of  the  lower  part  of  the  province  is  s  u 
ther  too  sharp  in  the  winter,  yet  truly  salubriou;. 
and  healthy  ;  the  air  in  the  upper  part,  4,  5,  or  mO 
miles  to  the  southwest,  is  quite  pleasant.  What  is  a 
little  remarkable,  but  which  is  true  according  I  > ,. 
diary  of  the  weather  which  I  kept  for  two  years, 
tht  wind  blew  more  than  two  thirds  of  the  wiriler 
or  for  six  months,  fro 


^ 


the  west,  but  hardly  e 


V'tl 


y,    Beetj  df> 

•  Province  i* 
iake  Ontario 
!  Erie.     All 
tiie   latitude. 
Kjy,  to  Hart 
I  degrees  f  i. 
in  the  saxiii! 
e  experience 
,  that  havi; 
of  Canada, 
en  and  seal 
t  as  in  iriO.-ri 
md   dry  ko 
pecially  llie 
re  moderate 
mty  of  Iiea 
water  wllli 

vince  is  nv 
salubrious 

k  5,  or  6fX^' 
What  h  K 
JTding  V)  u. 
two  years, 
tlie  winter 
lardly  ever 


27 
from  the  north  or  north wpc*  .  ^^*   •    ., 
'^.-  a,„.o.t  constantHi  Z  Zn^^T 

the  coldest  «ind«  from  the  south-east  aid  sourt 

Wl/enir  "'":'™"' ''"'  ""^"^  -'^  north  wer*" 
When  the   vvestern  part  of  the  horizon  is  red    at 
he  .tt..,  of  the  sun,  it  forebodes  foul  weatS'f! 
he  next  day.     I„  the  upper  part  of  this  province,^ 
the  summer  tin,e,  there  is  a  continual  though  mode- 
rate gale  of  wind,  similar  to  that  in  the  State  of  Geo!- 

«ater.     fh.s  being  the  case,  the  hottest  days  are 
midered  pleasant.  ' 

Co«„„.rc.._The  commerce  of  the  upper  province 
has  of  late  years  been  considerable,  and  of  great  bene- 
fit   to   the  mhabitants,    as  well  as  to    Great-Bri- 
tain.    Wxthm  eight  years,  the  exports  of  both  pro- 
vinces have  amounted  to  about  two  millions  and  a 
Aalf  of  dollars,  though  the  greatest  part  of  these  ex- 
ports  belong  to  the  upper  province.    It  appears  that 
there  were  exported  from  both  provinces,  in  the  years 
1802-3-4^,  1,012,000  bushels  of  wheat  each  year 
on  an  average,  40,000  barrels  of  flour,  and  StOOO 
weight  Qf  biscuit,  besides  mUch  potash,  timber,  fur, 
sc. 

^  In  the  years  1809-10-11,  there  has  been  timW 
^or  vessels  isnd  casks  taken  to  England,  to  the  amount 
I  of  200,000  pounds  sterling. 


'li 


I 


^H 

i 
i 

i 
1 

i 

'i 

■   i  ■ 
1 

I 

i 

i 

it 

1 

■' 

i 

1 

i 

! 
■  '  i 

w 

i 
i 
ii 

j 

i  ii 
f,. 

^^^H:' 

1 

HI 

Ii 

In 

^^^^rai. ' 

i . .' 

i  , 

i 

HUmLI 

1   1 

28 

In  these  years,  there  were  320  vessels  employed  in 
taking  away  this  produce,  amounting  to  450G  tony. 

The  common  price  of  wheat  is  one  dollar  per  bush- 
el, and  sometimes  one  dollar  and  25  cents— eon 5  50 
cents,  and  rye  75  cents — pork  six  dollars  per  cwt.  — 
These  prices  are  common  in  every  part  of  the  pro- 
vince. 

Dry  goods  and  groceries  are  brought  to  Canada,  in 
great  quantities,  from  England  and  the  Lolled 
States,  which,  considering  the  great  distance  itey 
come,  are  sold  very  cheap.  At  Niagara,  and  other 
places,  green  tea  is  sold  for  one  dollar  per  pound^nio- 
lasses  ten  shillings  per  gallon,  and  brown  mgi^ 
one  shilling  per  pound  or  eight  pounds  for  a  dollar, 
but  since  the  war  it  can  be  had  for  eight  centa  per 
pound. 

Tolerably  fine  calicoes  are  often  bought  for  :2b 
cents  per  yard,  and  salt  has  been  generally  sold  at 
$1  per  bushel,  but  since  the  war  it  has  sold  at  imt.. 

Beasts  and  Birds. — I  believe  that  all  the  Viiriety 
of  animals  common  to  most  places  in  the  lJiiii€<i 
States  are  found  here,  except  rats,  which  are  not  t 
found  in  the  province  of  Upper  Canada. 

A  few  years  ago,  there  was  a  she  bear  cauglj^  nf*- 
York,  and  dissected  by  a  surgeon  of  the  place,  u  lu. 
was  found  to  be  with  yomjg ;  and  which  is  the  oiyly 

lV>04ra>tMn       T     1-v£i1  tf.-.^.        Al.^A       1.__       _j 1  f     Al     ^       \'-> 

North  America.    Bears  are  plenty  in  all  parts-  of  1  ] ; 


i  fore" 


29 


mployed  in 

oOO  Ions. 
r  per  bush- 
Ls— corj'i  50 
per  cwt.  — 
of  the  fxo- 

>  Cans.'s^a.,  in 
the  Uo-iled 
stance  Ihey 
a  and  other 
pound^ffio- 
own  &ygtir 
or  a  dollar, 
it  cenW.'pt't 


ight 


.  2b 
ally:  mhl  at 
Id- at  Imt. 

the  ■  Unifei 
ire  nottx)  h 

cauglit  mm: 
ilace,  wyii'v 

L  is  the  on.!}" 

liie    iiL\i.',    ;, 

parts- of  ilj.. 


province,  but  more  abundant  in  the  south-west  part. 
It  IS  very  remarkable,  that  bears  do  not  often  de- 
stroy  hogs  in  Canada;  however,  they  are  trouble- 
some  to  the  inhabitants  in  the  fall,  by  infesting  theu- 
corn  fields,  yet  the  people  lose  but  iittle  by  thenj 
as  they  kill  many  for  food.  ' 

ITiere  are  also  an  abundance  of  hedge-hogs  ia  the 
province,  and  which  the  Indians  eat,  counting  Uiem 
good.  In  the  south-west  parts  there  are  plenty  of 
deer,  an  abundance  of  which  are  taken  every  winter 
by  the  Indians, 

There  are  also  a  plenty  of  all  kinds  of  birds  which 
are  found  in  the  United  States,  except  turkey-buV 
;?ai'ds,  which  are  very  scarce.       There  is  also  a  kind 
of  bird  found  here  about  the  size,  and  has  the  same 
motion  and  voice  a^  the  parikite,  so  plenty  in  the 
fitate  of  Kentucky,  yet  not  of  tlie  same  colour,  but  is 
grey ;  it  is  caUed  by  some  the  frolic.      Wild  ducks 
m-e  found  in  great  plenty  in  and  around  the  shores  of 
all  iht  Lakes.     Geese  are  not  plenty  in  the  waters  of 
Lakes  Ontario  and  Erie  at  present,  but  used  to  be  be- 
fore  the  country  was  settled  by  wliite  people,  yet  they 
are  plenty  enough  in  all  the  lakes  north  of  the  settle^ 
m^nts. 

In  the  north  end  of  the  province  there  are  no  snakes 
■of  any  kind  to  be  fou^id,  but  different  sorts  are  fomid 
plenty  enough  in  the  south-west  end.  A  number  of 
years  ago.  there  were  several  people  of  respectability, 

c2 


1; 

I; 


\^    :,| 


.HI 


,i 


i 


i!(i 


lilljj. 


I     I 


Ifi! 


'  i  i 


30 

%vho  reported  that  they  saw  in  Lake  Ontario  several 
large  snakes,  about  twenty  yards  in  length.  In  June, 
1811,  a  snake  was  seen  in  this  lake  near  the  mouth  of 
the  river  Credit,  16  miles  above  York.  I  was  ac- 
quainted with  some  who  saw  it,  and  believe  them  to 
be  people  of  truth.  It  come  within  seven  yards  of  the 
boat  thnt  they  Avere  in,  and  played  about  it,  and  wii' 
judged  to  be  lliirty  feet  in  length  and  three  in  cir^ 
cumference.#  There  are  seals  in  this  lake,  some  0I 
which  have  been  caught. 

Fish, — Lake  Ontario  abounds  with  fish  of  almost 
eyery  kind,  but  the  salmon  and  salmon-trout  are  the 
inost  and  far  the  best.  The  salmon  appear  in  very 
large  qup.n titles  in  the  fall  of  :he  year  and  penetrate- 
up  all  the  waters  that  run  into  the  lake,  so  high  that 
they  are  often  thrown  out  with  the  hand,  but  they 
are  commonly  taken  near  the  mouth  of  the  rivers  by 
the  Indians  in  the  night,  by  means  of  spears.  The) 
commonly  weigh  from  ten  to  twenty  pounds,  and 
may  be  purchased  of  the  Indians  at  one  shilling  each, 
or  for  a  gill  of  whisky,  a  cake  of  bread,  or  the  lih. 
trifle.  They  are  of  great  benefit  to  the  inhabitant  j^^, 
espedalJy  the  poorer  class, 

*  From  the  head  of  the  Bay  Quantietoa  little  lake  that  emp 
ties  into  Lake  Ontario,  it  is  not  more  than  a  mile  and  three  quar- 
ters.   It  is  very  smooth,  at  diflerent  times  ;  and  the  inhabitant 
have  in  the  morning  seen  tracks,  as  if  a  large  log  had  been  drawi 
along  from  the  bay  to  the  lake— this  was  done  by  snakes  ! 


ano  sevsral 
.  In  June  J 
le  mouth  of 
I  was  ac- 
ve  them  to 
yards  of  the 
it,  and  wa« 
iree  in  cir- 
ke,  some  oi 

h  of  ahnost 
)ut  are  the 
Jar  in  ven* 
1  penetrate 
)  high  that 
but  they 
le  rivers  by 
ars.  They 
ounds,  and 
lining  each, 
[)r  the  lik(^ 
ahabitant}:, 


ake  that  emr 
d  three  quar 
le  inhabitant 
1  been  drawi 
akes ! 


%  31 

The  salmon-trout  appear  in  the  spring,  though 
not  in  ?o  great  plenty,  but  are  longer,  weighing  from 
fifteen  to  thirty  pounds,  and  are  much  fatter  than 
salmon. 

There  are  several  other  fish  of  an  excellent  quality, 
and  plenty,  particularly  bass  and  herring :  the  lat- 
ter very  much  resemble  the  sea  herring,  though 
they  are  not  so  full  of  small  bones.  In  the  month  of 
November  they  are  taken  in  great  abundance  from 
the  water  communication  between  the  main  Lake 
and  the  Little  Lake,  otherwise  called  Burlington  Bay, 
at  the  head  of  Lake  Ontario.  They  are  taken  with 
the  net,  the  channel  of  water  between  the  two  lakes 
being  not  more  than  eight  feet  deep,  and  about  sixty 
wide  and  three  hundred  long. 

Very  good  and  large  eeis  are  also  taken  out  of  the 
lake,  yet  they  are  but  little  valued,  except  by  the  In- 
dians. 

There  are  a  great  number  of  fish  in  Lake  Erie 
some  of  which  are  very  valuable,  particularly 
what  is  called  tfee  white  fish. 

There  are  not  many  eels  in  this  lake ;  what  few 
there  are  have  multipled  from  twenty  which  a  British 
officer  put  into  it  from  Lake  Ontario  thirty-seven 
years  ago. 

Mines  and  Minerals. — In  the  Johnstown  district 

*1,rs-"  *'•         ~-~  * - -^ ^_?J1 ^1-J_ » A 

wiiuiC    ,^D     an     ilUIi    JiliiiU    Ui    i3UiiciU.UIu.iiiU     VUlli*'}   irUili 

which  iron  has  been  made  for  many  years; 


1 


I  'U 


■a\ 


S2 


\h  I- 


1 


I:    ! 


Wli 


;y 


In  the  cUstrict  of  London,  Charlotteville  townshii) 
there  was  a  large  and  rich  body  of  iron  ore  discos  ei 
ed  in  tlie  year  1810,  and  from  which  there  has  hm:u 
a  little  iron  made  of  an  excellent  quality.    Th«rc  ai  i 
Several  more  mines  or  bodies  of  iron  ore  found  in  dif- 
ferent parts  of  the  province,  yet  there  is  but  littu  di- 
tention  paid  to  them,  though  they  might  be  valu. 
ble,  should  they  fall  into  the  possession  of  men  of  u 
enterprising  spirit.     There  are  also  some  lead  ruiiief 
that  are  said  to  be  very  rich  and  good. 

In  the  forks  of  the  Grand  River  which  eraptiei-  jnN 
Lake  Erie,  and  about  fifty  miles  from  the  same,  i  i 
the  land  owned  by  the  six  nations  of  Indians,  tlicv 
has  lately  been  discovered  a  body  of  plaster,  or  wh 
is  called  plaster  of  Paris.    It  lays  in  the  ])owels  of; 
large  hill,  but  how  much  it  contains  is  not  knov^- 
This  plaster   has  been  used  in  different  parts  of  ih. 
country  adjacent,  and  answers  every  valuable  per 
pose,  as  wqW  as  that  which  is  brought  from  Frg 
or  Nova-Scotia  does  in  the  United  States.      No  ml. 
can  be  better  adapted  to  the  use  of  plaster,    tluu 
that  of  the  district  of  London,  which  joins  twa  I- 
Grand  River. 

In  the  Township  of  Townsend,  there  is  a  cl 
that  paints  nearly  as  well  as  Spanish  brown,  and  id 
ny  people  use  it  instead  thereof.    Also  in  some  other 
parts  there  are  clays  that  paint  very  well. 
There  is  a  number  of  salt  springs  in  almost  everj 


T!    ' 


lie  towiisliip, 

ore  discovei 
lere  lias  hum 
'.  ThtTcaxi 
found  in  dlt- 
but  little  &,U 
it  be  valur 
of  men  of  uy; 
i  lead  miitef 

cmptiei^  Mr 
he  same^  <  r 

idians,  the 
ter,  or  wb,;^! 
])oweIs  of ; 
not  knov 
parts  of  the 
iluablc  pill 
rom  Frano 
5,      No  sol 
aster>    tliiti 
oins  On  l' 

e  is  a  cl 
vn,  and  10? 

some  ot]ie 

Imost  eveiT  I 


33 

part  f >f  Canada,  although  there  has  not  been  much  salt 
made  in  the  province  hitherto,  it  having  been  brought 
i!rom  the  different  salt-works  in  the .  State  of  New- 
Yori?,  in  great  abundance.  However  there  has  been 
salt  made  from  some,  of  an  excellent  quality,  pai-tir 
•,ularJy  in  Lincolh  county,  near  Niagara,  and  in  the 
township  of  Percy,  Newcastle  district. 

There  is  a  number  of  medical  springs  in  the  pro- 
vince of  an  excellent  quahty.  One  in  the  township 
of  Woodhouse,  is  of  a  sulphurous  nature  :  a  quart  wiU 
purg<5  well,  and  of  the  same  sort  is  the  one  in  Middle- 
ton  on  Big  Creek.  Twelve  miles  east  0.'  York  there 
k  a  spring  of  great  medical  virtue. 

Zflte*— There  are  seven  lakes  of  considerable  size 
'n  the  inhabited  part  of  the  proviiice,  and  many  mere 
iHtithe  wilderness.  Lake  Ontario  is  about  eaie  hun- 
dred and  thirty  miles  long  from  north-east  to  south- 
west, and  eighty  wide ;  about  the  middle,  being  of 
an  oval  form,  it  is  exceeding  deep,  and  in  most  places 
it  appears  to  be  without  bottom,  as  there  has  been 
great  length  of  cord  let  down  without  finding  any. 
The  water  is  very  clear  and  cool  at  all  times  of  the 
year,  having  the  appearance  of  a  large  spring.  This 
lake  never  freezes  except  near  the  shore  where  it  is 
shallow:  nor  does  it  freeze  there  only  a  £gw  weeks  in 
the  most  severe  weather.     It  is  pretty  certain  that 


''  1 


H.! 


;i 


VilLTC  Id    jiixJtG     Wali'i       jLliilo     Out 


01    luia   IdKe  lixali 


•ims  hi,  and  when  we  consider  its  very  extensive  sur- 


34 

face,  it  is  also  certain  tlmt  there  is  mucli  of  its  water 
evaporated  by  the  sun :  of  course  it  must  hide  ma- 
ny exceeding  large  springs. 

Lake  Ontario  has  sunk  witliin  its  banks  since  the 
notice  of  its  present  inhal)itants,  say  37  years,  and 
some  Indians  inform  tliat  their  foreliithers  say  tliat  it 
was  once  as  higJi  as  tJie  heighth  of  the  Niagara  fall, 
and  that  the  waters  of  Lakes  Ontario  and  Erie  joined 
in  most  places,  but  ns  to  the  truth  of  this  assertion, 
I  will  not  pretend  to  say ;  yet  J  am  of  the  opinion 
that  the  water  of  Lake  Ontario  once  reached  to  tie 
foot  of  the  mountain  or  slope  of  ground  already 
named,  and  I  am  led  to  this  belief  from  the  ciicur> 
stance  of  pebble  stones  being  dug  up  from  every  pad 
of  the  surface,  and  underneatli  the  same,  between  it 
and  the  shore.     The  foot  of  the  mountain  is  20  feet 
higher  than  the  lake. 

There  are  not  many  islands  in  this  lake,  except 
near  the  lower  end,  wliere  they  are  plenty. 

In  many  places  the  ground  descends  to  the  water 
very  gradually,  and  there  is  no  bank  at  all,  except  a 
sandy  or  gvtivdlj  beach  :  but  in  otbvr  places  the  banks 
are  lifteen  feet  In'gh. 

Tlie  wind  has  a  great  eiiect  upon  this  lake,  and 
the  waves  sometimes  run  high ;  yet  it  is  tolerably 
safe  for  lavigation,  there  being  but  few  shoals  or  rocks 
at  any  distance  Jiom  the  shore. 
Hire  are  a  numberof  vessels  on  t  his  lake,  and  some 


of  its  water 
5t  hide  ma- 

ks  since  the 

year?,  and 

3  say  that  it 

Niagara  frtll, 

Erie  joined 

if  assertion, 

he  opinioD 

:hed  to  the 

rid  already 

tlie  ciicuiu- 

evcry  pail 

between  it 

I  is  20  (dQi 

ike,  except 

• 

the  water 
[,  except  a 

s  the  banks 

3  lake,  and 
5  tolerably 
lis  or  rocfcs 

and  gome 


.     oi  considerable  size.     The  sight  of  so  great  a  body  of 
7    ^vater  in  the  midst  of  the  wilderness,  enriched  with 

.hips  sailing  and  colours  flying,  is  truly  pleashig  and 

romantic* 

The  Little  Lake,  or  Burlington  Bay,  lies  at  the 
Houth-west  end  of  this  lake,  and  is  divided  from  it  by 

I  causeway,  five  miles  long,  and  in  most  places  3(30 
}  urds  wide.  The  surface  of  this  causeway  is  com- 
Pidel/  level,  of  a  light  sand,  matted  over  with  grass, 
and  beautifully   decorated  with  groves  of  tiraberi 

laefly  oak  of  a  middle  size,  but  of  an  endless  varied 
ly  of  curious  forms— some  six  feet  in  circumference 
at  the  butt,  yet  not  more  than  twelve  feet  high,  witli 
extensive  limbs,  crooking  and  turning  in  all  directions. 
A  great  number  of  these  trees  are  entirely  encircled 
Tvith  grape-vines,  and  produce  great  quantities  of 
grjtpes  of  an  excellent  quality.  The  residence  of 
the  noted  Col.  Brandt  is  near  this  place.  This  cause- 
%?ay  is  broken  oif  in  one  place,  as  ahready  noted,  about 
a  mile  from  the  north-west  shore,  and  is  about  five 
feet  higher  than  the  water.  It  is  a  beautiful  place 
for  a  summer  seat.t  The  Little  Lake  to  the  west  of 
tliis  causeway  is  about  30  miles  in  circumference,  and 

is  geiierally  shallow,  although  deep  in  some  places. 

\ 

♦  There  are  many  prosp«ctive  situations  on  the  banks  of  this 


i.dSe. 


t  Not  far  from  the  middle  there  are  a  number  of  Indiana 
buried.  In  the  winter  of  1810,  this  causeway  was  shook  in  a  vio. 
Ijiit  manner4}y  an  earthquake. 


/     *:i 


I        J'l 


m 


II   (5 


11 


litlii 


It  is  thought  that  there  are  salt  springs  in  the  bot- 
tom of  this  lake,  because  the  herring  chiefly  reside 
in  it.     It  is  famous  for  ducks  and  eels,'^ 

There  are  a  considerable  number  of  harbours  in 
Lake  Ontario,  but  the  most  noted  and  curious  is  tliat 
of  Prificuil,  in  the  district  of  Newcastle,  Cramache 
township,  on  the  lake  shore,  about  80  miles  south- 
west of  Kingston.     There  arc  two  points  of  land, 
about  four  miles  apart,  which  extend  out  from  the 
main  shcre,  but  draw  nearer  each  other  as  tliey  ex- 
tend  into  the  lake,  and  finally  meet  in  a  rounding 
form,  about  five  miles  from  the  sliore.    These  arms  of 
land  are  level  on  the  top,  and  are  about  fm  or  eight 
feet  above  the  water.     About  three  miles  from  the 
Bhore,  there  is  a  channel  of  it^ter  which  mm  tlirough 
the  east  point  of  land,  about  ^  yards  wide,  and  30 
feet  deep.     This  chamieMets  in  the  vessels,  which 
can  sail  ail  over  Uie  Imrbour  with  safety,  and  in  go- 
^ng  up  to  the  top,  or  whoi'e  the  two  arms  meet,  Miidi 
is  in  form  like  a  horse^shoe,  and  the  largest  diips  may 
come  close  up  to  iht  banks,  wliich  are  perpendicular 
of  solid  rock.     A  plank  is  put  from  the  shore  to  the 
vessel,  when  it  is  to  be  loaded;^ 

The  Bay  Quantie  co»nccts  Avilh  Uke  Ontario,  a 
small  distance  west  of  Kingston,  and  extends  70  miles 
up  towards  the  south-west,  parallel  with  it.     It  is 

-v-ji,  .ts-.s  v-x^  uiciw  i5  a  voiciao  oi  tfonae  note. 


I 


I  in  the  bot-     l 
lefly  reside 


larbours  in 
ious  is  tliat 
,  Cramache 
liles  south- 
ts  of  land, 
t  from  Ihe 
as  they  exv 
L  rounding 
esc  arms  of 
ve  or  eight 
\6  from  the 
m  tltrough 
de,  and  30 
cte,  which 
md  in  go- 
^i,  mhidi 
(kipB  may 
3ei:}dicular 
ore  to  the 

Ontario,  a 
s  70  miles 
it.     It  is 

[10  te. 


u 

ot'e  mi^c  wide  in  some  places  and  bit  in  otherf    There 
itre  a  considerable  number  of  arns,  or  smaller  bays. 
which  put  out  from  if,  some  ten  miles  long.     Th^ 
bay  is  very  safe  for  navigation,  being  very  deep,  and 
^ure  from  the  eJlect  of  high  winds.     Most  of  tjic 
nvnders,  with  small  vessels  who  go  from  Kingston  to 
>  ork,  Niagara,  or  Detroit,  pass  up  this  bay  to  the 
Iicaxi,  which  is  only  one  mile  and  three  quarters  ^rora 
d  mmll  hUce  called  Wiilow's  Lake  that  puts  into  lake 
Ontario,  and  here  the  vessels  are  carried  across  by 
mtans  of  wheels.    The  road  is  quite  level  and  sandy. 
Those  traders  which  come  down  Lake  Ontario  gen- 
emlly  cross  this  carrying  place  into  the  bay ;    al- 
tliough  the  Bay  Quantie,  and  the  Lake  Ontario  are 
8©  near  here,  yet  they  are  thirty  miles  apart  in  some 
places,  owing  to .  m  extensive  projection  of  some 
points  of  land  into  th6  lake,  and  no  doubt  their  be- 
iiig  so  hear,  is  a  divine  interposition  of  Providence 
for  the  benefit  of  th6  fahabitants. 

There  are  several  small  lakes  in  ihe  peninsula  be- 
tif een  the  lake  and  bay,  which  abound  with  fish,  one 
of  which  deserves  particular  notice,  called  the  moun- 
tain lake.  This  lake  is  situated  in  Ilaliowell  town- 
ship,  Prince  Edward  county ,  Midland  district,  thirty 
miles  from  Kingston^  on  tlie  bay  shore.  It  lies  on 
the  top  of  a  mountain  judged  to  be  two  hundred 
feet  high  :  but  in  the  month  of  December,  1812,  I 
Blood  on  tlie  ice  of  the  Bay,  in  front  of  it,  and  after 


38 


taking  the  heiglith,  I  found  it  to  be  only  one  hundred 
and  sixty  feet.  This  lake  is  about  three  miles  in 
circumference,  and  very  deep  in  most  places,  abound- 
ing with  fish  of  d'fferent  sorts.  How  fish  could  get 
into  this  lake,  is  a  matter  of  deep  speculation,  as  it  has 
BO  connection  with  the  bay  or  lake,  only  by  the 
small  stream  that  flows  from  it  into  the  l>ay  by  a  fall 
of  one  hundred  and  sixty  feet  n«arly  perpendicular. 

Under  these  falls  there  is  now  a  grist-mill,  near  the 
bay  shore,  in  the  possession  of  Mr.  Vanalstine. 

Near  the  head  of  the  Bay  Quantie,  on  the  north 
side,  there  is  a  lake  of  a  considerable  size  called  the 
Hog  Lake,  as  also  several  others  not  far  distant. 
About  twenty  miles  west  of  the  head  of  the  Lay 
Quantie,  and  fifteen  miles  north  of  the  shore  of  Lake 
Ontario  is  situated  what  is  called  the  Rice  Lake,  on 
account  o£  the  great  quantity  of  rice  which  grow 
on  it.    This  lake  is  from  three  to  nine  miles  wide, 
and  thirty-six  in  length,  though  not  very  diiep.    Us 
course  is  from  east  to  west,  the  west  end  is  not  far 
from  Lake  Simcoe,  and  communicate,  with  it.  At  the 
east  end  there  is  a  tall  of  eighteen  feet  perpendicular, 
m  the  form  of  a  half  moon.    Below  the  fails,  begins 
what  is  called  the  river  Trent,  which  is  tolerable 
large,  and  aiibrd^  many  falls  fit  for  water  works :  it 
empties  in  the  Bay  Quantie  at  the  head.    This  lake 
communicates  with  a  chain  of  small  lakes  called  the 
^uaiiow  laKes  which  afford  rice  also,   and  exten4^ 


•P 


hundred 
miles  in 
:,  abound- 
:ouId  gel 
,  as  it  has 
J  by  the 
by  a  fall 
dicular. 
,  near  the 
le. 

he  nortJi 
ailed  the 
distant, 
the  Lay 
i  of  Lake 
Lal^e,  on 
ich  grow 
es  wide, 
«p.     Us 
not  far 
.  At  the 
idicular, 
I,  begins 
olerable 
orks :  it 
his  lake 
led  the 
exten4^ 


'? 


39 

near  the  north  end  of  Lake  Sinicoe :  Lake  Simcoe 
lies  still  west  of  the  rice  lake,  and  is  some  larger.  U 
communicates  with  Lake  Huron  to  tlie  soulh-west 
by  the  river  Severn. 

Lake  Erie  which  lies  thirty  miles  from  any  part 
of  Lake  Ontrlo,  on  the  soutJi-wcsf,  is  nearly  three 
mdred  miles  lon^-  from  north-east  to  south-west,  and 
1  om  twenty  to  forty  miles  wide.     This  lake  lies 
-  arly  three  hundred  feet  higher  than  Lake  Ontario 
-id  which  is  the  reason  of  the  Niagara  falls.     It  is 
"o  pure  and  clear  water,  though  not  so  deep  as 
i  ake  Ontario,  nor  is  it  so  safe  for  navigation,  or  af • 
Ir'frd  so  many  fine  harbours.       There  are  some  Isl- 
auds  near  the  west  end  of  this  lake  that  contain  ma- 
ny bad  snakes.     The  shore  of  this  lake  in  most  places 
i^  nearly  level  with  the  land,  and  very  smooth  and 
ndy.     It  is  thonght  that  full  as  much  ^ater  runs 
^'it  of  this  Lake  as  runs  in.# 

There  are  other  Lakes  in  Canada :  the  Lake  St, 
<  lair  lies  in  a  westerly  course  from  Lake  Superior  to 
I  .ake  Erie  :  still  farther  to  the  west  is  Lake  Huron, 
c  le  hundred  miles  in  circumference,  in  latitude  42. 
1  rom  Lake  Huron,  through  the  straights  of  Marie, 
h  is  40  miles  to  Lake  Superior,  which  lies  between 

*  Lake  Erie  extends  sixty  miles  iiorth-east  of  the  head,  or 
\vest  end  of  Lake  Ontario.  To  draw  a  line  due  south,  fi«m  tliA 
vest  end  of  Lake  Ontario  to  Lake  Erie,  it  would  strike  it  ninet/ 
miles  fi-om  Uie  east  end 


|ri 


40 

49  and  50  degrees  north  latitude,  and  between  84 
and.  90  degrees  west  longitudie  from  London.  The 
Isle  Royal,  which  is  near  the  middle  of  this  Lake,  is 
100  miles  long  and  4trwide.  In  the  middle  of  this 
Island  is  the  luie  between  the  United  States  and 
Great-Britain. 

Rivers, — Although  Canada  is  a  level  country,  yet 
is  not  so  low  and  flat  as  not  to  afford  any  streams  of 
water,  but  on  the  contrary,  has  many  which  run 
clear,  and  afford  many  excellent  falls  for  water  worts, 
the  principal  of  which  are  the  following  :— 

The  Ottaways  river  is  a  large  stream  that  rises  out 
of  Lake  Tomis,-canting  and  runs  a  s(mth-east  course 
through  Upper  Canada,  and  crosses  the  line  into  the 
lower  province,  and  empties  into  the  river  St.  Law- 
rence above  and  below  Montreal.    The  spring  floods 
in  this  river  rise  in  the  month  of  June  ;  it  inundates 
its  banks,  and  often  spoils  the  farmer's  young  crop.--. 
The  reason  of  tliis  is  because  the  river  extends  so 
great  a  distance  to  the  northwest,  where  the  spring 
does  not  begin  until  the  last  of  May,  and  by  the 
time  the  snow  is  thawed,  and  the  ice  in  the  lake 
broken  up,  the  water  descends  to  the  settled  parts  of 
the  province  near  th^  mouth  of  the  river,  it  is  the 
■middle  of  June.     There  are  a  great  number  of  fish 

of  Tanous.orts  In  this  river.     There  are  considerable 
mm  m  this  nver.  thmje^)!  nnn«  ^t «  ^^ ,.    .„    , 


i 


T 


i:i»i 


tween  84 
)n.  The 
i  Lake,  is 
'e  of  this 
ates  and 

titry,  yet 
treanis  of 
lich  run 
er  worlis, 

rises  out 
st  course 
into  the 
it.  Law- 
1^  floods 
lundates 


crop.-« 

lends  so 
e  spring 

by  the 
he  lake 
parts  of 
it  is  the 

of  fish 
iderable 
Lilar  ueV 


i 


t 


41 

There  are  several  more  rivers  in  the  lower  part  of 
the  province  which  empty  into  the  river  St.  Law^ 
rence,  and  abound  with  iish.  The  river  Cananocqua, 
which  empties  into  the  river  14  miles  below  Kingston, 
is  of  considerable  size. 

What  is  called  Myres*  Creek,  w^hich  empties  into 
the  Bay  Quantie,  from  the  north,  50  miles  from 
Kingston,  is  considerable  large,  very  cl-ar  and  pure, 
and  runs  near  the  surface  of  the  gi'ound,  affords  fine 
falls  far  water  works^  and  aljounds  witli  fisli. 

The  river  Trent,  already  named,  empties  into  tlie 
head  of  the  Bay  Quantie  from  the  Rice  Lake,  is 
large  and  abounds  with  fish. 

Many  hundred  barrels  of  excellent  salmon  are 
taken  out  of  tiiis  river  every  fall. 

From  the  head  of  tJie  Bay  Quantie,  for  70  miles 
towards  the  southwest,  up  the  Lake  Ontario,  there 
are  no  rivers  of  a  considerable  size  that  empty  into 
the  Lake  ;  yet  there  is  an  abundance  of  small  and 
pearly  creeks  and  brooks— indeed,  it  is  the  best  wa- 
lered  part  in  Canada.  Smith's  Creek  and  Lion^« 
Creek,  are  streams  cf  some  note-. 

What  is  no, 7  called  Duilen's  Creek,  is  a  fine  stream 
abounding  with  fisly;  it  empties  into  Lake  Ontario, 
30  miles  below,  or  northeast,  of  York. 

The  river  Rush  empties  into  the  Lake,  18  miles  be- 
low York ;  it  is  tolerably  large,  and  navigaljle  for 
boats  20  miles  u|>. 

d3 


ii 


W'.ii 


■ 

1 

1 

1 

1 

f!  ■ 

; 

IH 

j 

^^H| 

1 

^^^^^^^^^^^^^1  ^s 

i 

Hl'i 

i 
y 

^^B  m 

1 
1 
1 

ii 

i 

^^^^^^M-  >  111 

i 

H  1 

|ji 

i 

4^2 


From  this 


river  there  is  an  abundance  of  salmoa 
taken  every  fall.  Still  up  towards  the  head*  of  Lake 
Ontario,  there  are  a  number  more  fine  streams. 

Sixteen  miles  above  York,  empties  into  the  Lake, 
the  river  Credit.  This  is  one  of  the  best  rivers  in 
Canada  for  salmon ;  it  is  tolerably  large.  The  salm- 
on are  taken  out  of  this  and  other  rivers  in  the  night 
by  means  of  spears.  The  fishermen  have  an  iion 
frame  fixed  in  the  fore  part  of  their  canoes,  in  which 
they  place  pine  knots  and  fire  for  light.  They  then 
paddle  along  in  the  river,  and  see  the  salmon  floating 
near  the  surface  x)f  the  water,  where  they  come  by 
the  influence  of  the  light.  They  are  (quite  tame  and 
ar^  .struck  with  ease.  The  salmon  come  up  the  rivers 
in  large  quantities  together  on  piu-pose  to  spawn.   . 

Ten  miles  still  farther  up  the  Lafee,  empties  ir 
what  Is  called  the  16  mile  Creek,  which  is  tolerablj 
lajge  and  famous  for  fish.  Five  miles  farther  ts 
what  is  called  the  12  mile  Creek,  a  beautiful  stream, 
abounding  with  fish  and  many  fine  falls  for  water 
works. 

There  are  several  fine  streams  that  run  into  the 
head  of  Lake  Ontario  and  Burlington  Bay. 

The  Chippeway  river  runs  mk>  the  Niagara  river 
3  miles  above  the  falls,  and  is  tolerably  large  and  long. 
--What  is  called  the  20  mile  Creek,  rfses  near  the 

nead  (H    the  Cjhinnp'xvstxT    f^r^*^    «    i^ ^^    ^ 

„..    rrzsjj  Aiviii  a  lar^  potiu  HOm^k  a 

northeast   course  and  plup^es   down  the  sloppy,  ol 


'^ 


4^ 


of  salmon 
d  of  Lake 

the  Lake, 
.  rivers  in 
The  salm- 
the  night 
5  ah  iron 
in  which 
^hey  then 
n  floating 
come  by 
tame  and 
the  rivers 
iwn, 

npties  ii! 
tolerablj 
arther  ts 
I  stream  J 
for  water 

i  into  the 

ira  river 
ind  long, 
near  the 


ii 


iy  ground,  already  deseribed  by  several  perpendicular 
pitchea  in  different  plax:es,  affording  excellent  seats 
for  water-works.  it  empties  into  Lake  Ontario,  16 
miles  west  of  Niagara. 

The  fifteen,  sixteen,  seventeen,  thirty  and  forty 
mile  Creeks,  ail  run  into  Lake  Ontario  and  plunge 
over  the  slope  and  afford  fine  falls. 

The  river  Nia^ra,  or  out-let  of  Lake  Erie,  is  very 
large  before  it  empties  into  Lake  Ontario,  but  k  still 
lai'ger  after  it  leaves  the  Lake,  or  river  St.  Lawrence. 
This  river  will  be  fully  described  in  the  Appendix. 

There  ixre  several  considerable  streams  that  run  in- 
to Lake  Erie. 

The  Grand  B-iver  is  a  considerable  large  stream  of 
exceedingi  clear  water  rising  from  the  small  I^ke  St, 
Clie.  It  is  navigable  for  vessels  of  considerable  size 
fbr  50  miles  from  its  mouth.  It  empties  into  Lake 
Erie  60  miles  from  the  east  end,  and  contains  many 
fine  fish.#  This  river  is  in  the  possession  of  the  six 
nations  of  Indians^;  they  own  six  miles  of  land  each 
side  of  it  from  the  mouth  to  the  head. 

The  Thames  is  large  and  beautiful,  rising  near  the 
head  of  Grand  River,  and  runs  nearly  a  south  course 
into  the  waters  that  come  from  Lal^c  Superior  mto 

*  I  tbmk  it  proper  to  rectify  n  mistake  which  somehow  got 
into  Morsje'a  GeoerraDhv^  Drlnted  in  Boston^  1811s  wh^^e  Uiis 
Grand  River  is  represented  as  «  passing  thi'ough  Rice  Lake  wad 
mingling  witJi  the  waters  of  Ontario," 


if       . ; 


i  ij 


III 


m 

J  a 


the  head  of  Lake  Erie.    There  are  a  number  mor. 
fine  strean^s  that  run  into  Lake  Erie;  su^hL  « 
tre,k   passing  through  Middleton  ^d  Hou^ 
W^j.  as  also  Kettie  and  Outer  Creeks  in  St 

^.-^t^T^^?"'  "'"  ^^"="  "I'^tinct  nations  of  T.- 
dansm  the  inhabited  part  of  Canada;  six  oftL 
nations  hve  on  the  Grand  River  akeadv  LT^ 
the  Mohawks,  the  Chippewavr  thH,  r       *  ^'' 
Massasaugas.  the  T^ZZUtr^l^'''^  f 'r 
t].ese  nations  have  their  Kin>r  or  n,^'     ^     '^ 
village  and  councU  house     ml  ?'  ""^  *''^"" 
ferent  language  vet  ..„r  ;    l^^  ""^"^ 'P^^  «  dif- 
oufcuage,  yet  understand  each  other  verv  vw.» 
The  e  «.  nations  of  Indians  on  the  Gmnd  W  t 
number,  one  thousand  nme  hundred  a^d  1     ?  '  • 
have  attained  to  a  tolerabledf        f  ^"""^y-si^* 
They  speak  the  P„lr  T  ,        ^^  °f  civilization. 

p4,  S  hlv  Sfa^d^"  ''f  --«  I-- 
among  them     ThTT  w  ^*"^'  continnaWy 

Indians  have  very  La  EnJ',  ,     '"""'^"  '^  ^'"'^ 
P  ^dustrious:  '0^0?^^;^^^^  "''  ''' 

f^^'^<i^<Si^-'!^"'-««>ebest.;; 

teched  to  the  irrterest  of  th^  BrT^T  "'  '"  ^""'^  "'- 
are  exercised  in  (),.  ,„:,."''*  S^^erament.an.l 
""•es  in  the  venr  '""X,!" "'^'-'y  "*  of  arms,  several 


-"cy  can  muster  si^  hmdtf 


46 


Dumber  more 
such  as  Bli^ 
d  Houghtf)]} 
fes  in  Middle- 


ations  of  In 
six  of  the  «^ 
^  notedj.  vh<, 
awares,  thi; 
'•      Each  of 
i  and  their 
peak  a  dif^ 
r  very  wdl 
i  River,  in. 
5eventy-six> 
ivilizatioj>. 
some  prtt^ 
3ontinuall| 

^  of  th,  .e 

tid  are  vt> 
ve  raistci 
t.  Tliey 
lie  best  r 
Srraly  al- 
aenti  ai)<  I 
>  several 
huficlrefl 


warriors;  though  the  Massasauiras  ar.  m.       . 
%ht,  nor  for  any  thing  else.     rZeZ  a     '"f  '' 
;;ie  number  of  thi«  tribe  r^idf^  in^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
J-  province,  sorf,e  on  tlr.  d^en^n^ile  t  erab 
Forlr,  aheady  named,  others  on  the  banl.  of  the  till 
Simcoe,  and  others  on  the  Hice  Lake  ^ 

Besides  those  of  the  Mohawks  on  the  Grand  m 

t.ere  are  a  considerable  number  liviT^^rr^^^^^ 

Quantie,  on  the  north.ide,  about  the  middle     tS 

own  a  tract  of  land  twelve  miles  squaS  and  W 

-hools  and  the  gospel  among  them^Iso    '        "^'^ 

There  are  a  small  tribe  of  Indians  called  the  St 
Hegis  Indians,  living  o.  the  river  St.  Regis,  near  the 
ower  i^t  of  U,e  province.     There  is  llo  alS 
nbe  called  the  Moravian  Indians,  living  m  the  Te  " 

h^    the  Dutch  Moravians  among  whom  they  hve  • 
they  are  of  the  Delaware  tribe.    On  some  IslandJ 

Zb^  A'  ^""^  ^''''  '^'''  '''  '  considerable 
number  of  Indians  called  the  Huron  Indian.,  and  are 
great  warriors.  >         <"i- 

Near  the  head  of  the  Ottaways  river,  there  i,  a 
small  tribe  of  Indians,  called  the  Nepisingui  Indians  : 
they  hve  on  a  lake  of  tlxe  same  naBie,  and  M^as  once 
converted  to  the  B.oman  Catholic  religion,  at  which 
tinje  tliey  were  a  numerous  tribe :  they  are  of  the 

*  T  ol    o""    '  7"""'"^  •'^«*^  ^^  ^m^u  mw  r^m  about 
L/3Jie  ou|^/erior. 


<4^ 


46 


t:    , 


ill 


There  are  a  number  of  Indians  of  different  nation- 
bcsidee  those  that  I  have  named,  though  they  have 
but  little  intercourse  with  the  British,  except  thp.t 
they  trade  with  them  by  the  agents,  and  nialte  tliem 
yearly  presents  of  a  great  amount. 

There  are  varioas  accounts  respsctihg  lh'3  number 
of  Indians  in  Canada,  some  suppose  that  there  is  one 
hundred  thousand,  and  out  of  these,  there  may  b 
raised  thirty  thousand  warriors,  yet  I  thinlt  this  i' 
not  correct :  indeed  I  believe  that  the  British  govern 
ment  do  not  Icnow  the  number  of  aU  tiiat  consid.  j 
themselves  connected  with  it,  as  all  the  dLTerent  na 
tions  never  meet  together  at  o!ice.« 

The    Canadian  Indians  cost  the  British  Crown 
about  3,000i.  sterling  each  year.  This  sum  is  expend 
ed  m  iurnishing  them  i,  ith  fire-arms  and  ammuni- 
tion by  means  of  which  they  kill  their  game,  also  i. 
blankets  aiid  clothes  to  cover  their  nakedness,  as  als. 
bread  meat  and  tobacco.     These  things  are  calle.. 
gifts,  from  the  King,  but  are  chiefly  the  interest  <.- 
money  in  England  belonging  to  the  six  nations,  fo, 
land  sold  to  the  King.    However   I  am  nf  «  •  • 
that  those  thmgs  which  they  get  from  the  Kins' 
riores.  dothem  more  harm  than  good,   as  therebv 

•  I  am  of  opinion  that  at  present,  September.  1812  whirh 
s.nce  the  invasion  of  Canada,  that  the  Iritiahh  ve  „Ltt 
.merest  mcluding:  the  Prophet  Tecumseh.  S.lit.I„..  .Tw"  I^': 
->ue-wa,er.  nearly  thirty  thousand  warrior,;  ^ithAeyp^oplT"' 


I 


some  < 

die  so 

Inl 

iiad  it 


it 


ffercnt  nation: 
?h  they  have 
,  except  thai 
d  make  then? 

tli'3  number 
t  there  is  one 
here  may  b 
think  this  if 
fitish  goverij 
Jiat  considf  i 
diilerent  mi 

ifish  Grown 

n  is  expend- 

nd  ammunl^ 

^ame,  also  ia 

Iness,  as  alsc 

s  are  callet! 

e  interest  <>i 

nations,  fox 

of  opinioiL 

the  King^ 

as  thereby 

812,  which  ^ 
i  now  in  th<; 
i  and  "Wslt-t;; 

ir  people. 


h.  y  ai-e  encouraged  to  hve  in  idleness,  depending  on 

L  >3e  gifts  which  they  receive  twice  a  year. 

Should  part  of  .his  amount  be  given  to  them  in 

orses,  cows,  sheep  and  hogs,  as  also  farming  utensils, 

jnd  tlie  rest  to  all  sucli  that  at  the  end  of  eacli  year, 

lad  raised  more  produce  than  they  needed ;— this 

.vould  he  a  discouragement  to  idleness,  and  a  stimu- 

us  to  industry. 

The  most  of  the  Indians  in  the  province  of  Upper 

Canada  have  been  converted  from  Idolatry,  to  the  be- 

ief  of  the  Christian  religion,  by  the  labour  of  the 

oman  Catholic  Priests,  when  the  province  belonged 

0  the  French  ;  but  ever  since  the  province  has  fell 

ito  the ,  hands  of  the  British,  there  has  not  becja  so 

inch  attention  to  the  religious  instruction  of  the  In- 

ians  as  formerly.    What  ai-e  tauglit  in  the  Chris- 

ian  faith  are  of  the  Protestant  cast,  yet  the  young 

ndians  do  not  know  or  care  any  thing  about  any 

;ind  of  religion.         ;- 

Notwithstanding  the  Indians  have  formerly  been 

aught  by  the  Catholics  in  the  principles  of  the 

hristian  faith,  and  at  present  the  protestants  preach 

mong  them,  as  do  some  other  sects.     They  still  hold 

some  of  thope  traditional  notions  relative  to  God  and 

the  soul,  v/hich  are  very  curious. 

In  the  summer  they  lay  about  the  lakes,  and  now 
arid  then  catch  sturgeon  and  eete. 


r- 


i  I 


nil  15 


liM 


4S 

These  Indians  are  considerably  trouWesome  to  tl 
white  people,  especially  the  tribe*  of  Massasaugas, 
«iey  are  wandering  through  tlie  country  almost  co, 
MnuaJiy  and  begging  something  to  eat  and  when  the 
get  drunk,  which  is  as  often  as  they  can  get  a  char 
ttiey^are  quarrelsome  and  many  times  dangerouF. 
The  armour  of  the  Indians  in  time  of  war,  arn 
rifle,  a  spear  about  18  inches  long  with  a  hand' 
eight  feet,  a  tomahawk,  and  scalping  *:nife,  all  < 
M'hioh  they  use  as  instruments  of  death. 

The  Indians  in  Canada,  like  all  other  Indians,  d  t 
^ry  indifl-ei-entJy,  though  they  get  much  fine  cJol 
ih)mthe  King's  store,  which  they  only  throw  ow 
theirdu-ty  bodies,  and  in  a  little  timeall. is  filthy  I 
gethcr.     Id  the  summer,  they  ar<j  chiefly  naked,  e 
cent  a  little  covering  around  their  waist*    The  wo 
ineii  are  particularly  careful  of  their  legs  below  thcL 
kneeB,  if  all  other  parts  are  tiakedi 
^  mages.-^Theve  are  not  many  villages  in    the 
province  of  Upper  Canada  of  much  note,  theinhaMi. 
ants  finding  their  greatest  advantage  in  AgTiciiltdi. 
as  the  land  is  very  cheap  and  fertile. 
^  Cornwall,  h  situated  about  onfe  hundred  miles  do^i 
WiCTiver  St,  Lawrence,  is  handsome  but  not  Ivga 
_frescou,  is  seventy  miles  down  the  same  river,  m^ 
stands- opposite  Ogdensburgh  or!  the  United  St... 
^  IS  small.     There  is  a  fort  and  garrison  to 


.v^ 


^C^I-S^i^S-fciS-i" 


49 


BROCKVILLE, 
Lies  twelve  miles  higher  up  the  river,  and  is 
idndHomeiy  situated,  containing  about  sixty  house??. 

KINGSTON, 

Stands  a  few  miles  below   the   mouth    of  the 

.^tii  Lawrence,  opposite  to  an  Island  which  is  the 

Means  of  forming  a  safe  and  commodious  harbour. 

; ;   contains  about  one  hundred  and  i5fty  houses,  a 

(  aurt-house,  jail,  and  two  houses  for  public  worship. 

I  hti  fort  in  this  placQ  is  strong,  though  most  oi  the 

camion  are  small.      It  is  a   place  of  much  trade. 

■  iiere  are  several  more  small  villages  on  the  banks  oP 

rx  Bay  Quantie,  and  are  places  of  some  trade,  all  of 

hich  increase  and  flourish  rapidly. 

YORK,      .,      .  .... 

Is  situated  onii  hundred  and  seventy  mfles 
Luth-westH  Kingston,  on  the  north  shore  of  Lake 
Ontario,  and  Is  something  larger  than  the  former. 
This  village  is  laid  out  after  the  form  of  Philadelphia, 
ilie  streets  crossing  each  other  at  right  angles; 
'  Uough  the  ground  on  which  it  stands  is  not  suitable 
for  building.  This  at  present  is  the  seat  of  govern- 
ment, and  the  residence  of  a  number  of  English  gen- 
tlemen. It  contains  some  fine  buildings,  though 
they  stand  scattering,  among  which  are  a  court- 
house, council  house,  a  large  briclc  building  in  which 
he  King's  store  for  the  place  is  kept,  and  a  meeting 
house  for  Episcopalians.      This  city  lies  in  north 


i 


,111 


50 


ii 


latitude  43  degrees  and  some  minutes.     The  har- 
bour in  front  of  this  city  is  commodious,  safe  and 
IjeautifuJ,  and  is  formed  after  a  curious  manner. 
About  three  miles  beJow,  or  east  of  the  city,  there 
extends  out  from  the  main  shore,  an  arm  or  neck  of 
land  about  one  hundred  yards  wide,  nearly  in  the 
form  of  a  rainbow,  until  it  connects  with  the  mahi 
shore  again,  about  a  mile  above,  or  west  of  the  city, 
between  it  and  where  the  fort  stands.    About  three 
hiVidred  yards  from  the  shore,  and  as  many  from 
the  fort,  there  is  a  channel  tlirough  this  circular 
Island  nearly  sufficient  for  the  passage  of  large  ves^ 
seis.    This  bason,  whioh  in  the  middle  is  two  miles 
wide,  is  very  deep  and  without  rocks,  or  any  thing 
<Jf  the  kind,  nvhile  the  water  of  the  main  lake 
Which  is  forty  miles  mde  in  this  place  is  tost  as  the 
waves  of  the  sea,  this  bason  remains  smSoth.      The 
fort  in  this  place  is  not  strong,  but  the  British  began 
to  build  a  very  strong  oiie  in  the  year  1811. 

NIAGARA, 
,.  Is  situated  nearly  opposite  York,  on  the  nouih  side 
01  the  lake,  at  the  point  of  land  formed  fey  the  con- 
junction of  the  outlet  of  lake  Erie  and  G»itarfa.  It 
is  a  beautiful  and  prospective  place,  being  surround- 
ed  on  two  sides  by  water,  the  lake  on  the  north,  and 
the  Niagara  river  on  the  ca^t,  and  which  a^wds  a 
fine  harbour  for  shipplag. 

'    Vat*     ri.#>.,«K~_    -.*  ^1  »      _•_     _      .         _ 

-  -*^  --iwii^v  vi  iuiD  pittcescwiasabotrt  a  baH  a 


i  The  har. 
18,  saf«  and 
)u«  manner. 

city,  there 
1  or  neck  of 
learly  in  the 
th  tjie  mah) 

of  the  city, 
Ibout  three 
many  from 
bis  circular 
r  large  ves- 
5  two  miles 

any  tiling 

main  lake 
tost  as  the 
)th.  The 
itish  began 
1. 

soutk  side 
r  the  con- 
starfo.  It 
surround* 
lorth,  and 
a^ords  a 

a  baif  a 


mile  ih)m  the  mouth  of  this  river,  neai  tho  barlk 
where  it  is  thirty-four  feet  above  the  surface  of  the 
,f  at«r ;  it  is  nearly  square,  enclosintj  a  space  of  about 
one  hundred  and  fifty  yards  long  and  one  hundred 
broads    The  pickets  are  lii^^h  and  strong,  defended 
hy  a  ditch  on  the  out  side,  and  breast-works  on  the 
iUsidc.     It  is  well  provided  with  caanon,  anuuuni. 
ftion,  water,  provision  and  the  like      This  village  is  a 
pla€e  of  much  trade,  and  is  inhabited  by  a  civil  and 
industrious  people.       It  contains  a  council-house^ 
court-liouscj  and  jail,*  and  two  houses  for  public 
vvorsliipi     'i'here  are  several  squares  of  ground  in 
this  village  adorned  with  almost  every  kind  of  pre- 
cious fruit.     The  front  part  of  the  village,  on  the 
cast,  looks  towards  the  fort  over  a  beautiful  plain  of 
nearly  one  mile  wide. 

Is  situated  se  en  miles  furrier  up  the  Niagara  ri> 
ver,  close  by  the  foot  of  '  u.  antain,  or  slope  of 
ground  already  noted  at  what  is  called  the  landing 
It  is  a  small,  but  hanrisonie  village  :  th  most  of  tht; 
houses  are  built  with  stone  or  brick,  large^  and  well 
finished.  It  is  abo  >%  place  pf  considembie  trade,  and 
inhabited  by  a  tivil  and  rich  people. 

*  On  tha  13th  of  October,  1812,  these  wcrebuHittyt!i€  Aai^. 
leans  with  hot  balls  ^^^ra  the  east  side,  as  abo  some  athei  buikl- 

»ngs.  _^^^^^ 

t  it  was  at  tltts  plaoe  the  Aroericanfi  crossed  on  Ihe  l.ltK  o€ 
»otobv,.. 


11^ 


■:S- 


ill 


I-  'ii 


n 


lii 


1  !'  V 


■:'l 


)l 


I 


ml 


■i 


I 


illii 


35 

CHTPPEWAY, 

'  Lies  ttn  miles  alcove  Queens  and  tliree  above 
the  Niagara  falls:  is  a  small  village  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Chippeway  creek.  It  has  some  handsome 
buildings,  and  is  a  place  of  considerable  trade. 

FOIIT  ERIE. 
There  is  a  small  village  at  this  place  of  some  beau- 
ty,  the  inhabitants  of  which  carry  on  a  considerable 
trJide  from  the  Lake. 

•    TURKEY-POINT, 

Is  situated  about  m  miles  south-west  of  Fort-Erie, 
on  the  lake  shore  m  the  district  of  Undon,  a  little 
east  of  Long^  Point.  It  stands  in  a  beautiful  place 
adjoining  an  excellent  country  of  land,  and  jias  a 
handsome  court-house  and  jail,  i 

PORT.TALBERT, 

Lies  64  miles  farther  to  the  south-west,  on  the 
lake  shore.  It  has  been  laid  otit  about  3  years,  and 
bids  fair  for  a  considerable  village,  it  has  a  fine  har^ 
hour  for  shipping. 

MALDEN. 

This  fort  and  vilhge  is  situate  at  the  south-west 
ehd  or  head  of  Lake  Erie,  14  miles  south  of  Detroit- 
It  is  a  j>leasant  place  though  not  large.  Tlie  fort 
here  is  strong.  -        • 

SANDWiCa 
^   Is  situated  still  up  the  river,  opposite  Detroit,  and 
i&  a  naiiavorae  village  of  considerable  ag^,  inhabited 


m 


irce  above 
3  mouth  of 
handsome 
trade. 

some  beau- 
)iisiderable 


Fort-Erie, 
)n,  a  little 
tiful  place 
md  lias  a 


S^  on  the 
jrears,  and 
I  fine  har-- 


9tith-wesr. 

Detroit- 

Hie  fort 


roit,  and 
nhabited 


i 


}..: 


principally  by  French,  who  eeltleel  this  country  io3 
V?  ars  ago. 

There  are  several  other  villages  in  .the  proviuc« 
sc4  immediately  on  the  water,  which  are  of  eonsid^ 
fable  size  and  bemjty ;  but  those  already  named  ar« 
the  principal. 

SettlemeiUs.'-^In  the  lower  part  of  this  province, 
the  settkmerits  do  not  extend  back  or  north  from  the 
river  St.  Lawrence.   Above  Kingston,  the  scttiementfi 
eiiend  from  Lake  Ontario,  counting  the  peninsula 
tictwecn  the  lake  and  the  Bay  Quantie,  which  in 
Home  places  is  10,  and  in  others  30  miles  wide,  fifty 
mlle^.    Above  the  head  of  the  bay,  on  the  lake  shore, 
l»r  about  100  imles,  the  settlements  do  not  extend 
noxt  ihm  six  mites  from  the  lake.   North  from  York, 
the  setUenients  extend  farther  back,  particularly  on 
what  i$  called  Yonge  Street,  which  runs  a  due  north 
♦ourse  to  Lake  Simt-^oe.    On  both  sides  of  tliis  street, 
i}t&  fariB,s  are  tiiick  and  well  improved,  the  soU  being 
f eury  gmjd,  although  the  cHjuate  is  not  so  favourable 
as  it  is  farther  to  the  south-west.     From  York  west, 
^;*iong  the  lake  shore,  tiiere  are  but  small  settlements 
m.  the  shore  for  Smiles ;  after  which,  wlrnt  is  called 
iy  ondas^Stieet,  four  miles  from  the  shore,  is  thickly 
settled  on  both  sides  for  20  miles  ;  as  also  betweezi 
tills   and   the  lake    it    is    thinly    inhabited,    al- 
though this  has  not  been  settled  more  than  six  years 
from  tl»  paresent  date  (1812).   Above  10  oi  16  mil*?, 

B  2  ■        ' . 


^1 

''    'J 


i    '  il 


M 


v;   li 


M 


m 


o4 

at  the  head  of  Burlington  Bay,  is  ^hat  is  called 
Goot's  Paradise.     It  is  fine  rich  sandy  j)iains,  thickly 
settled  seven  miles  from  the  shore,  to  the  foot  of  the 
.slope  already  named;    and  on  the  top,  west  aod 
north-west  for  15  miles,  there  are  fine  settlements  in 
two  townshins—Enst  and  West-Flambeau.     Farther 
south,  around  the  head  of  Lake  Ontario,  or  more  par- 
ticularly Burlington  Bay,  the  settlements  are  thick, 
extending  west  16  miles.     About  40  miles  up  the 
Grand  River,  is  a  thick  settlement  of  Dutch  in  Brant's 
township.    Still  to  the  ea^t,  as  the  roads  lead  to  Ni- 
agara, the  settlements  are  thick  near  the  shore  of 
Lake  Ontario.    After  one  gets  20  miles  east  of  the 
head  of  Burlington  Bay,  and  ^  from  Niagara,  settle^ 
ments  of  an  old  date  are  mode,  and  pretty  thick,  all 
the  way  across  from    laire  to  lake,  which  is  r.iore 
than  30  miles.     From  the  thick  settlement  west  of 
tiie  head  of  Lake  Ontario,  towai  ds  the  London  dis- 
tnct,  the  inhabitants  are  thin  for  20  miles,  throudi 
the  tract  of  laaid  belonging  to  the  six  nations  of  In. 
dians.     Ihe  settlements  in  the  London  district  have 
already  been  described.     The  settlements  in  the  we^tr 
end  of  the  province,  are  chiefly  on  the  river  St,  Law. 
I'ence,  on  Hs  course  through  Huron  md  St.  Clair. 

tZTT  .  '^S^^'^^ncU,  twenly.four  counties,  and: 

one  I^ndred  and  fifty-six  tow..h.ps,  generally  4ou. 

-«-.^aru.     inese  townships  arc  surveyed  into! 


:  is  called 
ins,  thickly 
foot  of  the 

west  and 
lements  in 
Farther 
more  par- 
are  thick, 
les  up  the 
in  Brant's 
sad  to  Ni- 
'  shore  of 
ist  of  the 
ira,  settle* 

thick,  all 
I  is  more 
tit  west  of 
iidon  dis- 
,  throui^h 
ons  of  In- 
rict  have 
I  the  wei^t* 
St,  Law- 

Canada  Is 
ties,  and' 
iy  about 
ytil  intoi 


} 


concisions,  the  wedth  of  the  township  in  front  to- 
ivards  the  lake,  and  one  mile  and   a  quarter  wide 
>ack  from  the  lake  to  the  north,  but  in  some  places 
Mey  are  not  more  than  three  quarters  of  a  mile  wide. 
I^ach  township  is  divided  into   U  concisions,  the 
ijole  of  whicii  make  2184     These  concisions  are 
nbdivided  irito  24  lots  of  200  acres  each,  the  whole 
oi  which  lots  amount  to  3^,416,  which  number  mul- 
tiplied by  200,  will  produce  10,4^3,200,  the  number 
of.  acres  surveyed  in  the  province,  besides  considera- 
^}k,  called  broken  fronts,  not  yet  surveyed,  granted  to 
those  wlio  owned  land  in  rear  thereof.     It  may  not 
^«  amiss  to  remark  here,  that  in  every  direction  from 
IM  lands  now  surveyed,  there  are  great  quantities  of 
>vild  or  uns'     i  ved  land,  which  is  equally  as  good  as 
^!  It  now  improved .     Bet w  een  every  concision,  there 
i*   four  rods  left  for  the  pu]>lic  road,  and  also  be- 
tween  every  fourth  lot,  wliich  is  one  quarter  of  a 
mile  ^vide. 

IHsMcts — Of  these  there  are  eight,  as  already 
ted.     The  eastern  district  is  situated  at  the  north- 

^-d  end  of  the  province,  joining  the  St.  Lawrence 
Id  Ottaways  rivers.     It  is  in  the  coldest  and  most 

-.-ipleasant  part  of  the  province,  the  land  being  sandy, 
Id  and  stoney,  in  general  producing  peas,  potatoes, 

*ats  and  some  wheat.     The  n^ost  of  the  inhabitants 

re  Scotch  anrl  Frpnr»h 

Tlie  i>f  :nci  of  Johnstown  hes  up  farther  on  the 


,   ii 
'i 


J  fi.: 


M     i     I 


jSter  St.  Lawrease,  and  wUl  bear  nearly  the  sam^ 
deseription  as  the  other>  but  u  somethmg  better. 

The  Midiand  mstrlct  lies  from  a  Jittld  below 
Kirgston  np  west  to  the  head  o£  baf  Qimntia,  ooni-^ 
prehentiing  that  beautiful  penimula  betweea  the  baj 
aiid  the  lake.  This  district  is  large,  and  thick  settled 
with  rich  farmers.  The  land  is  very  fertile,  pro* 
ducing  wheat  in  abundance,  also  apples^  and  othev 
fUDfimcr  fruit.  The  bay  and  the  several  rivers  tlwt 
yun  into  it  aiTords  plenty  of  fish. 

NEWCASTLE  DISTRICT, 

Extends  from  the  head  of  the  bay  Quantie,  Sfty 
miles  to  the  south* west,  along  the  shore  of  the  lake 
and  is  divided  into  two  counties,  Northumberland 
saad  Durham.  This  district  is  well  watered,  rich, 
tiK>ugh  a  little  hilly,  and  more  stoney  than  any  other. 

HOME  DISTRICT, 

.  Is^  still  farther  up  the  lake,  and  is  divided  into  two 

counties,  York  and  Simcoe.    It  is  large  and  tolerably 

thick  settled ;  it  has  an  abundance  of  white  pine  on 

it,  and  a  number  of  bcautifu!  streams  of  water^ 

NIAGARjl  DISTRICT, 

Is  situated  south  of  the  Home  and  the  lake,  in  th* 
peninsula  between  the  two  lakes.  It  is  very  large,  and 
divided  into  two  counties,  Lincoln  and  Halderman. 
The  latter  is  on  the  Grand  River,  in  p^^^session  of  the 
six  nations  of  Indians,  already  named. 

The  county  of  Lincohi  lies  in  the  east  part  of  the 


T 


\ 


the  sam^ 
Btter. 
lie  below 
tift,  oom-^ 
a  the  bay 
sk  settled 
•tile,  pro* 
lid  other 
vers  tliat 


itie,  ifty 
the  kke 
nberJand 
ed^  fich, 
ay  other. 

into  two 
tolerably 
pine  on 

ere 

c,  m  the 
irge,  and 
derman. 
>n  of  the 

:t  of  the 


5r 

peninsula,  joining  on  the  outlet  of  Lake  Erie,  and  k 
divided  into  twenty-five  townships,  all  whieh  are 
tolerably  thick  settled,  and  well  improve,  though 
not  so  well  watered  as  other  districts. 

London  District  has  already  been  described. 
WESTERN  DISTRICT, 

Is  situated  at  the  west  end  of  tlie  province,  joining 
the  river  St.  Lawrence  as  it  come«  from  Lake  Superi- 
or to  the  head  of  Lake  Erie ;  it  is  large  and  rich,  and 
some  part  tolerable  well  improved :  it  aflbrds  fine 
plams,  and  has  l»een  settled  by  the  French  more  than 
a  hundred  years.  It  is  divided  into  two  counties, 
Essex  and  Kent. 

King*§  roads^-^When  the  upper  province  was  first 
settled,  the  people  laboured  under  considerable  dis- 
advantages, for  the  want  of  roads :  nor  could  it  be 
expected  that  the  inhabitants  could  open  any  of  great 
extent,  as  the  timber  in  most  places  is  heavy,  and 
they  had  as  much  as  they  could  do  to  clear  land 
to  raise  enough  produce  for  their  families.  Yet  the 
opening  of  roads  was  necessary,  and  the  King  knew 
this  could  not  be  effected  by  the  people  w  ithout  his 
assistance.  He  therefore  give  large  sums  of  money 
to  be  laid  out  for  that  purpose,  and  for  a  number  of  , 
years  past  the  whole  amount  of  the  revenue  of  the 
province  which  is  the  King's  money,  amounting  to 
t5000/.  has  been  laid  out  in  the  opening  and  repairing 
of  the  public  high  ways.    This  with  the  statute  la* 


'^'i 


!li    " 


(K 


!lr 


\i 


68 


■i . ' 


1 


IrJl 


Mil 


boiir,  which  the  inhabitants  of  every  to^mshlp  ptr 
iotm  is  tlie  means  of  making  tolerably  good  roads  vi 
almost  every  part  of  the.  province.     There  is  no  tbJl 
taken  for  passing  on  ajiy  road  or  bridge  in  the  pro 
vince. 

What  is  called  the  King^s  roads,  or  hi,^h  ways,  are 

four  rods  wide,  and  had  iv  the  directions  now  to  be 

described :  there  is  one  road  Ih^t  leads  from  Mont' 

al,  which  is  in  the  lo\ver  province,  up  the  river 

Lawrence,  hear  the  bank  on  the  north  side,  fhrmigri 

Cornwall  village  to  Prescott,  so  on  to  Brockviilc.ai!(i 

Kiiigston;     from     here    there    ^are    several    roar      i 

^'hich  lead  different  ways,  thougii  they  are  opcrx       f 

by    the    inhabitants,  except  one     wliicli     is    IL      J 

King's,  and    extends  up   towards    the  wouth-we      J 

about  twenty  miles,  when  it  divides  into  two.    Ot     I 

crosses  the  Bay  Quantie,  and  extendi  nearly  ihroug  i     J 

the  middle  of  the  peninsula  to  the  heail#     The  otl 

fer  turns  to  the  right,  and  extends  up  the  bay  on  tl: 

north  side,  through  the  Mohawk's  or  Indian  lane 

crosses  Myeres  Creek  and  the  river  Trent,  v/here  j 

empties  into  the  Bay  Quantie,  extends  a  few  miles  t 

the  south,  and  joins  with  the  other  on  the  carryin. 

place.     From  hence  it  leads  on  through  wood-laiir  i 

(thinly  settled)  by  Frcsquile  harbour,  for  about  U 

miles,  w  hen  the  country  appears  moi-e  improved,  and 

tJ>.e  road  tolerably  good.     Within  about  60  mile? 

•  Tlu6  is  the  best  roacl. 


50 


3^vnshlp  V  • 
lod  roads  in 
re  is  no  toll 
i  ill  the  pra 

di  ways,  ar^j 
6  now  to  he 
om  Mont.! 
.he  river  '"; 
le^  tferoiigii 
•>€fevilie.aii(i 
'eral  ^roa^'' 

are  openti 
'h     is    tlir 

south-we^il 

two.    Or 
dy  througf 
The  otL 
bay  on  tL  - 
tdian  Jand. 
i,  where  it 
Bw  miles  V 
e  carryin 
wood-kiid 

about  U 
roved,  and 


of  York,  the  road  is  bad,  as  the  ground  is  Vcrjf  rich 
land  soft,  and  but  thinly  settled ;  aiKi  about  16  loiies 
from  York,  there  are  two  roads — one  extends  along 
I  the  lake  shore  aiid  is  the  best— the  otlier  leads  about 
dght  miles  to  the  north ;  but  they  meet  again  at 
what  18  called  the  Lion's  Crest  and  Tavern.  For 
nearly  30  miles  to  York,  theve  ifi  but  one  road  (and 
that  q«ite  bad)  till  within  nine  miieto  of  the  city. 
From  York,  there  is  one  road  which  eidends  40  miles 
a  due  north  course,  to  Lake  Sirncoe.  Thij?  road,  in 
most  places,  is  tolerably  ^ood.  The  other  road  er- 
tends  up  the  lake  shore  16  miles  to  the  river  Credit, 
where  it  leaves  the  shore  a  little  to  the  north,  and  ex- 
tends to  the  head  of  the  lake ;  this  road  is  not  very 
good*  Two  miles  from  York,  on  th«  road  which 
Ifads  to  Simcoe,  called  YoHge*s  Street,  another  road 
lead^  out,  extending  to  the  head  of  the  lake,  called 
Bundas-Street,  which  is  completely  straight  for  260 
miles  to  the  river  Thames,  near  Detroit.  Although 
it  is  not  passable  in  all  places,  yet  where  it  is  not  open* 
ed,  tiieie  are  other  roads  near  by,  which  lead  the 
same  way,  and  enter  it  again.  Where  it  crosses  th<J 
Grand  RiveTj  over  which  there  is  a  good  bridge^ 
three  miles  above  the  Mohawk  village  of  Indians, 
there  is  another  road  tcBO!  to  the  south,  through 
beautiful  and  sandy  dry  plains,  to  Turkey-PiMntt  aear 
Long»Point,  in  Lake  Erie,  which  is  35  ttiles.  Tbw 
road  extends  up  the  lake  shore  to  Port-Talbert,  al- 


.  ''I 


'  i 


60 


(; 


it 


6 


5      iU 


\-  vli 


though  it  is;  not  passable  tlie  whole  of  the  wa  \ 
From   Foil  Erie,  two  miles    below  tJie  ferry   nt 
Black  lock,  tliere  extends  a  road  up  the  shore  of  Lai. 
Erie  more  than  twenty  miies,  and , Mother  eightei 
miles  down  to  the  Niagara  falls,  here  it  divides :  oi 
extends  to  the  ^est  tluough  the  Beaver  dams  towards 
the  head  of  Ontario,  up  the  stream  of  the  twenty 
mile  creek  to  a  little  village  called  Aswago,  and  on 
to  the  main  road  from  Niagara  to  Grand  River. 
This  is  a  tolerable  good  road.        From  the  M) 
another  road  extends  down  the  Niagara  river  by 
Queenston  to  Fort  George :    from  hence  there  is  t 
good  road  up  and  near  the  Lake  shore  for  forty,  fivi 
miles,  when  it  turns  to  the  south  over  the  mountair , 
and  connects  with  the  one  just  noticed.    Forty  mile, 
from  Niagara,  at  what  is  called  the  fifty  im'le  creek 
one  road  turns  to  the  right  and  crosses  the  beach  al 
ready  mentioned  between  the  lake  and  Burlingtosi 
Bay,  towards  York.     There  is  also  a  road  that  e.^ 
tends  from  Queenston  towards  the  head  of  the  Mi-, 
through  what  is .  called  the  black  swamp,  and  jom  ^ 
with  the  one  from  Niagara,  about  ten  mUes  from  it, 
a  little  short  of  the  twelve  mile  creek  at  ShipmanV 
tavern.  -  . 

These  are  all  the  King's  roads,  or  public  high 
ways :  yet  there  are  many  more  roads  throughoirt 
all  the  provmcc,  which  leads  in  every  direction ,  aiic 


-^    V4    wJLiviii 


aic  veii^^^^ua  and  convenient* 


I 


f  the  way, 
e  i'eriy    at 
ore  of  Lakt 
ler  eightetn 
Lvides:  orn; 
ms  toward 
the  twenty 
go,  and  on 
and  River. 
11  the  hU 
I  liver  by 
there  is  a 
r  forty  fiv, 
mountain, 
'  orty  xnikt 
nile  creek. 

beach  aJ 
Burlirigto' 
i  that  ex 
3f  theM 

andjoin^ 
3s  from  It, 
Shipraan. 

bhc  higa 

iroughoiri 
:tion,  and 


61 

Bec^rmg  and  distances  of  places.^Tt,  village  and 
^  for.  of  Prescott  are  on  the  north  bank  of  the  St  Law- 

•  ''°^*  ""^"^  ^^'  "'^'^  Oswegatchie,  or  the  old 
garriaon  at  ^ensburgh.  The  St.  Lawrence  is  two 
miles  wide  here,  and  has  a  small  current.  Sixty-five 
mile,  farther  up  the  river,  stands  Kingston,  near  the 
bottom  of  Lake  Ontario,  nearly  opi>osite  (though  a 
ittJe  to  the  ^t)  of  Sacket's  Harbour.  The  distance 
from  one  to  the  other,  on  a  straight  line,  is  27  miles  • 
though  the  nearest  way  that  can  be  pa^d  by  land  o  J 
the  road,  (and  a  bad  one),  is  34  miles,  and  36  by  wa- 
i«er  or  icg. 

E^hty  maes  from  Kingston  fa  situated  Presquilc 
Harbour,  already  noted.    It  i.  nearly  opposit*.  the 

_One  hundred  mUes  from  this  harbour,  up  the  lake, 
stands  York,  nearly  opposite  Niagara,  though  alitOc 
to  the  north-west,  on  a  straight  line.  The  distance 
from  one  to  the  other  is  34  miles ;  but  by  land 
around  the  head  of  Lake  Ontario,  it  is  90  mUes  Ni-' 
a^ais  opposite  Niagara  fort,  on  the  U.S.  side. 
The  nver  is  1200  yards  wide. 

Queenston  seven  miles  ik,m  Niagara,  is  Opposite 
Won.  The  river  is  900  yards  wide  her^  with 
nigh  banks  on  both  sides.     P^n«,  t  «..,,.*__  ., 

ft  good  road  which  leads  through  JBatavi^,  on  to  AI- 


■1;i 
■  f| 


;.fi 


w 


m 


!  iJ    I   !! 


s|i 


li 


\l  it        i 


.8;.';   i'l 


^Hlll 


63 

bany,  an  east  .course.    Tort  Erie  is  a  little  bclov 
Buii'alo. 

Turkey-Point,  near  Long-Point,  on  L^kc  Erie,  b 
opposite  the  village  of  Presquile,  on  ^4k^«  S.  siAe. 

Fort  Maiden  is  14  miles  below  IMroit.     Sand 
wicli  i«^  opposite  Detroit,  m  here  the  river  is  900  yarc" 

wide.# 

Population,— 'One^  of  out  twelve  of  the  inhahi 
tants  of  Upper  Canada  are  nalivt -^  of  England,  Ir  - 
land,  and  Scotland ;  and  all  the  children  born  oi 
such,  born  in  Canada,  make  the  proportion  a  litt!-: 
more  than  two  out  of  ten.    There  are  about  an  equ 
;number  of  those  who  took  part  '^  ith  the  King  in  the 
revolutionary  war,  who,  with  their  children  born 
Canada,  make  about  one  sixth  part  of  the  inhabitant 
at  present ;— the  rest,  with  their  children,  are  Amf 
ricanF.     Or,  in  other  words,  if  all  the  people  were  di 
vided  into  ten  equal  parts,  eight  parts  would  be  na 
tives  of  the  United  States,  with  their  children  bong 
in  Canada,  and  two  part?  of  there  eight  would  ^ 
what  are  now  called  loyalists,  (though  natives  of  tis 
United  States  before  tlie  war,)  with  their  childr* ' 
bewn  in  Canada.     The  other  six  parts  would  he  k* 
tives  of  the  United  States,  and  thek  children  born 
the  province. 

Within  the  term  of  12  years,  the  inhabitants  of  ire 
ijpper  province  have  increased  beyond  all  conjectui  :, 

*  This  is  the  place  where  Gen.  Hull  crossed. to  invade  Canad «. 


ti 

■oy 


i'l 


tile  bcloH 

kc  Erie,  is 
S.  side. 

it.    Sand 
900  yards 

lie  inhahl 
gland,  Ir 
n  born  ol 
ion  a  Wiiht 
it  an  equal 
ang  in  the 
en  born  io 
liihabitanti 
,  are  Aim- 
)le  were  di 
)uld  be  na 
idren  horn 
I  would  ? 
ivesgf  ilv 
ir  childreu 
mid  he  na 
ren  born  m 

ants  of  the 
conjecturix 

vade  Canad'i, 


63 

the  terms  of  obtiiining  land  have  been  extreme- 
ly easy.  *        ' 

In  the  ye^]8ll,the  number  of  inhabitants  in 
both  provinces,  was  .>G0,000.  J n  the  upper  province, 
there  svmt  136,000,  not  including  Indians  In  the  set- 
tled parts  of  the  province. 

The  liumber  of  the  militi^i,  ot  of  those  who  are  li- 
able  to  do  duly,  from  the  ago  of  Bixtcen  to  sixty,  arc 
22M0,  including  Indians  in  the  bounds  of  the  pro- 
nace  at  that  time. 

Lcan}ing,-^ThQ  gi^ater  part  of  the  inhabitants  of 
Canada  are  not  w^ell  educated,  for  a«  tliey  were  poor 
^vhm  they  came  to  the  province,  and  the  country  be- 
ing but  thinly  settled  for  a  number  of  years,  they  had 
l>iit  little  chance  for  the  benefit  of:  .schools.  But^ 
Fince  the  country  has  become  more  seU led,  and  the 
inhabitants  rich,  or  in  a  goud  way  of  living,  which  is 
almost  tmiversaily  the  case,  they  pay  Gonsiderabic  at-^ 
tention  to  learning.        '  '. 

Ten  dollars  a  year  i?  the  common  pHce  given  for 
the  tuitifin  of  eacli  scholar  by  u:ood  teachers. 

Until  lately,  there  was  no  Latin  or  Greek  school 
kept  in  the  province.  ISow  there  are  tliree— one  in 
York,  taught  by  the  Epirropal  minister  of  that  place 
---one  on  the  Bay  Qaantle,  by  a  Pdr.  Bid^relJ,  from 
the  United  States — and  the  other  in  Niagara  village, 
itcva  juurnc;.     Good  eiicoiuagement  would   ha 


if 


4 


II. 


i-h 


'  }  a 


ei 


I'll  i 


pi 


s    " 


i    * 


given  in  many  other  parts  to  teacliers  of  such  schools, 
particularly  in  the  Niagara  and  London  districts. 

Notwithstanding  I  said  that  the  ssmin  body  of  the 
inhabitants  were  not  well  educated,  fit  there  arc  a 
numbtj  of  gcntleracn  in  the  province,  who  have  th< 
best  of  learning,  r* 

Ther   is  a  public  apcl  free  school  kept  in  crery  di« 
Uict,  by  oruer  of  the  -King,  the  teachers  of  which  re 
ceive  ai^iually  one  hundred  pounds  sterling  from  tht 
crown. 

ilforai?.— It  m  lyi  idea  entertained  by  the  gcncrali 
ty  of  the  people  of  the  United  Statesi  that  the  inhab 
itants  of  Canada  are  some  of  th«  worst  people  in  th< 
world,  made  up  of  rogues,  murderers,  and  the  lik 
mean  characters.    However,  the  idea  is  entirely  false 
That  there  has  some  bad  characters  escaped  fron^ 
difljByent  parts  of  the  United  States  to  Canada,  n** 
one  will  deriy ;  but  these  cannot  be  called  the  inhab- 
itants,  but  only  sojourners.     But  I  must  say,  whether 
I  am  believed  or  not,  that  the  main  body  of  the  pec 
pic  of  Canada  are  peaceable,  just,  and  generous  hi 
all  their  intercourse  with  each  other,  and  stranger 
also ;  they  are  benevolent,  being  once  poor  themseli^ 
they  ki)ow  how  to  feel  for  human  want  and  huraau 
woe.     1  have  been  acquainted  with  some  of  the  Ih- 
habitants  of  almost  every  neighbourhood,  and  ha^ 
found  them  to  be  nearlv  al!  alike^  except  thf^Rft  fro^^^ 
England  or  Ireland.    I  have  also  attended  a  numbi  ^ 


C5 


;h  fichool^i 
istricts. 
ody  of  the 
here  &re  a 
» have  th( 

ercry  difj 
'  whlah  re 
5  from  tht; 

e  gencrali 
the  inhab 
>ple  in  thi 
nd  tlie  lik 
Lirely  false 
aped  hoa 
anada,  n'> 
the  inhab 
y^  whethc' 
of  the  peo 
enerous  hi 
[  strangei 
themselre.'^ 
nd  hunattij 
of  the  ifi- 
and  haTf^ 

i  a  numbtr 


i  tjie  courts  of  justice,  and  viag  jjuiprised  t(»  ^?ec  sa 
ii\tle  business  done  at  theni.^*^he  most  of  tiie  In> 
iiabitants  of  the  western  or  upper  part  of  the  province 
.xxfrora  the  states  of  New- Jersey,  Veimsylvania,  and 
New-York,  and  yet  retain  a  considcraljle  degree  oC 
that  rectitude  of  conduct  and  conversation  observed 
among  the  Quakers  and  Prcsljytevians  in  those  States. 
There  is  hardly  ever  an  instance  of  a  pcrSoti  stealing 
in  this  province,  not  perliaps  because  all  the  Inhabit- 
-ints  arc  too  good,  but  partly  from  tins  cause,  and 
partly  because  the  penalty  annexed  to  tlie  crime  is 
death;  however,  no  one  lui .  bceLi  put  to  death  in 
the  province  yet. 

Religion. — Aln&ost  all  the  |    cile  of  Canada  that 
'lave  come  to  the  age  of  maturity,  are  professors  of 

digion :  however,  as  in  all  other  places  they  are  of 
^UlTerent  sentiments  and  sectaries.  The  Methodists 
.'  re  the  most  numerous,  and  are  scattered  all  over 
I  ?rp  province.  The  other  sectaries  are  more  local, 
I  ai'e  as  follows :  there  are  fifteen  churches  for  bap- 
lisi.sJ|a])out  one  thousand  in  number,  and  eleven 
Preachers ;  one  church  in  Bafcter||E  township,  one  in 
TJ  luriow,  one  in  Sidney,  one  in  Percy,  one.  in  Ilallc- 
II,  qne  in  Sufiasburgh,  (there  five  last  are  oa  the 
lay  Quantie)  one  in  CranlWte,,  one  in  Hildamin,  one 

i  Whitby,  one  in  Markh.uii,  one  in  Townsend,  one 
•a  Oxford,  one  in  CharlottevIIle,  one  in  Clinton,  and 

ne  in  Niagara,    There  are  six  Blinkters  and  Coa-> 


;   il 


ti 


^  cni^v"*^"*' 


«6 


grcgations  of  Episcopalians :  one  at  Cornwall,  one  a! 
Kingston,  one  - 1  York,  one  aUSTiagara,  one  at  Turkey* 
Point,  one  at  Sandwich.*  fThere  are  ten  cong]rega-» 
tions  of  Presbyterians,  and  seven  Ministers.  /One 
in  London  district  (Townsend),  a  Mr.  Colver,  Mi- 
nister, a  very  old  gentleman;  one  in  Ancaster, 
near  the  head  of  Ontario,  a  Mr.  Williams,  Minis^ 
ter;  one  on  the  twenty  mile  creek,  twenty  miles 
from  Niagara,  a  Mr.  Eastman,  Minister ;  one  in  Nia- 
gara village,  a  Mr.  Burns,  Minister  ;  one  in  York,  no 
minister  ;  one  on  the  .Bay  Quantie,  one  in  Kingston, 
and  three  below,  t^'^here  are  five  co%regations  of 
Quakers  or  iriends/:  /  one  in  Adolphustown,  thirty 
rtjiles  west  of  KmgMon  on  the  Bay  Quantie,  one  in 
Roxbridge,  thirty  miles  north-east  of  York,  on  a  new 
townsliip,  one  on  Yonge  street  near  Lake  Simcoe,  one 
in  the  township  of  Norwich,  on  the  river  ThJimes, 
and  one  at  the  short  hills,  not  far  from  Lake  Efeie, 
thirty  miles  south-west  of  Niagara.  There  is  also  a 
considerable  inmiber  of  the  Butch  Moneasts  in  the 
province  ;  a  large  settlement  of  them  reside  in  Clin- 
ton  township,  nofoar  from  Niagara,  as  also  another 
m  Markham,  near  Yqrk,  and  on  Yoiige  street,  and 
«qme  other  parts.: /There  is  also  some  Tunkers  in' 
the  ppc»vlnce,  and  a  fe#Roman  Catholics.  -  They 
have  a  chapel  in  Cornwall,  and  in  Kingston  and  Sand- 

•  There  is  also  another  congregation  and  Minister  on  Yon^, 
Street  lately  becomes  ch  :  a  Mr.  Joseph  Lockwood.  once  a 
***'»\odist,  is  tlieir  Minisur.  / 


■ 


i- 


..-.> 


ih 


II,  one  at 
t  Turkey* 
;ong]rega-» 
re.  jOne 
Iver,  Mi- 
Ancaster, 
s,  Minis- 
ity  miles 
e  in  Nia- 
York,  no 
iCingston, 
jations  of 
n,  thirty 
e,  one  in 
m  a  new 
ncoe,  one 
Thames, 
ake  lE^e, 
is  also  a 
is  in  the 
i  in  Clin- 
>  another 
eet,  and 
nkers  in' 
r  f/Tliey 
[id  Sand- 
on  Yon^ 
d,  once  a 


wich.    There  is  also  some  other  sectaries  in  the  pro^ 
vince,  all  of  which  enjoy  full  liberty  of  con>icience  to 
worship  God  as  they  please,  and  are  protected  by 
law  from  penalties,  impositions,  or  burthens  of  any 
kind  relative  to  religious  concerns.    The  Episcopal 
clergy  are  paid  by  the  King.    "  The  one  eeventh 
part  of  all  the  land  of  Upper  Canada  is  appropriate 
cd  according  to  the  constitution,  for  the  maintenance 
of  a  Protestant  clergy  within  the  province."    This 
land  lies  in  two  hundred  acre  lots,  and  is  leaseci  out 
for/twenty-oneyears,  at  two  dollars  the  first  seven  years 
of  the  lease,  four  dollars  the  second  seven,  and  six  dol- 
lars the  tliird  seven.    The  rent  of  these  lot;-,  called 
Clergy  reserves,  is  given  to  the  Clergy  to  the  amount 
of  eight  hundred  dollars  a  yeai*.     The  Clergy  of 
the  (jther  sectaries  are  paid' according  to  the  will  and 
bounty  of  their  hearers.  /■Tlicre  has  been  no  general 
revival  oi  religion  of  late  in  Canada,  yet  the  people 
in  general  pay  a  very  serious  attention  to  it,  and  at- 
tend to  preaching  very  well.     Profane  swearing  is 
geldcra  heard,  and  the  sabbath  is  reg-arded  with  con- 
rideriible  reverence.     Bigotry  or  superstition  is  not 
often  to  be  discovered  among  the  inhabitants  of  Ca- 
nada, of  course  tliey  do  not  persecute  each  other, 
but  are  friendly  and  loving. 

Dhersions,'-TU  inhabitants  of  almost  every  coun- 
try  have  their  diversions,  \vhich  Vury  accoraing 
theu:  notions  of  pieasare.    Of  course,  the  people  of  Ca- 


']■'■■ 


4/k 


ml 


■M 


^\m 


GB 


iff 


nada  have  theirs,  which,  however,  areof  anex.rc.: 

ing  and  innocent  nature. 
Meeting  togetJjer  at  private  houses  and  dancu;    L: 

a  favourite  amusement  of  the  young  people.     T!;.;. 

however,  is  not  carried  to  excess. 
Hunting  deer  and  bears  in  the  winter  is  also  u  d 

version,  and  a  very  profitable  one. 
Sleighirig   is   another  amusement,  of  which  1h 

people    are     very    fond,     and    for    which    Ukv 

are  well  prepared,  as  it  respects  horses,  sleighs,  gIoIIi 
mg,  and  furs.  They  also  very  much  esteem  the  nm^ 
SIC  of  bells,  some  having  at  times  40  on  the  harness  of 
two  horses.  Much  produce  is  taken  to  market  m  li-' 
wmter  by  sleighs,  in  which  is  connected  both  i  ica^. 
sure  and  profit.  As  this  is  a  level  country,  an.  i  tLe 
snow  lies  pretty  deep  all  winter,  there  is  very  -n  .] 
sleigliing.  3Iost  of  the  people  drive  Jehu-lilii!  or 
"  ftirious." 

The  melody  of  the  human  voice  is  also  an  n^im^ 
ment  of  the  yomig  people  of  both  sexes,     Tcmhm 
of  this  art  will  meet  with  good  encouragemejit  :.;    f 
most  every  part  rf  Canada. 

Comparatively  speaking,  Canada  is  but  a  newaad 
thinly  settled  country ;  vet,  contrary  to  the  ci/^na 
of  the  inhabitants  of  such  places,  the  people  here  Irp 
well  at  all  times,  but  when  they  go  abroad,  or  a  llu4 
Saf)bath,  thry  dress  very  fine.  When  I  sav  i  ' 
dress  line,  1  do  not  mean  that  fancied  iineness,  IwlM 


i»r3^ 


69 


)f  an  exi 


TCi& 


i  dancijigis 
>ple.   .Th'A. 

is  also  ;;,  di- 

wliicli  tlsi 
hich    tJie^ 

ighs,  clolh' 

mi  tlu)  mu- 

harness  of 

irket  iv.  iho 
both  |'lea« 
y,  anr  I  iLf, 
very  -o.i;    . 

'lU-Jiki.     u:' 

ana^n-M;:.-'^-^ 

Tea;,:.;ies:s 

aejit  U'i  .':f^ 

[jere  tbvN:;; 

or  0 a  the 
,■  ''    ' 

sav  'fliey 

••>         .,• 

5,  stu(l,ied 


and  practised  in  large  cities  and  populous  placfc&-— 
such  as  jewels,  rings,  ribbons,  powder,  paint,  and  the 
like ;  but  with  garments  of  the  finest  stuffs,  with  but 
kw  trinkets  of  any  kind.  The  raost  of  their  clothing 
l«  of  their  owti  manufacturing,  particularly  the  wool- 
I  a,  for  which  they  have  plenty  of  the  best  of  wool. ' 

Horse-racing,  card-playing,  and  the  like  unprofita^ 
Lie  and  sinful  diversions  are  very  seldom  performed 
ill  Canada. 

Drunkenness  and  dissipation  are  seldom  seen  among 
fhte  people.  As  aU  have  to  g(d  their  living  by  their 
labour,  there  appears  to  be  but  little  time  ox  tempta- 
tion to  frequent  taverns  for  that  purpose. 

The  people  of  Canada  pay  very  little  attention  t^ 
i  !?iy  kind  of  diversion  in  the  sunmier,  except  to  visit  one 
uiotlier  in  a  social  manner,and  drink  tea,of  which  ^ 
a;m  very  fond,  and  a  friendly  chit-<chat.  The  most 
cf  their  conversation  at  these  times  relate  to  their  for- 
m#  poverty  and  present  plenty,  and  to  which  1  was 
liappy  to  listen,  whenever  it  happened  in  my  hearing, 
m  it  indicated  a  contented  and  thankful  mind  in  their 
Situation  ?  and  could  wish  and  say  with  propriety — 
Esto  perpetva,  or.  May  it  last  forever. 

-  Manu/actur€S,'-^lt  is  not  to  be  expected  that  the 
rtomfactorics  of  Canada  are  many  or  extensive.— 
rhere  is  some  iron  made  in  the  province,  though  the 


n 


■w  flk  »«  4- «  v  «-»   '«  rt    #^*%%#%ll 


i« 


«A>««  VA  *' 


*M    i>'mm»^0»>tkt  • 


H 


ro  \ 

Salt  is  also  made  here,  though  to  a  small  amnnnt, 
but  might  be  made  in  great  (luantil  ies. 

Hats  s!ioe.s,  b<>ot^^  and  thi  and  crockery  ware  are 
manufactured  here  in  great  plenty. 

Linen  and  woollen  cloths  are  made  in  abmidance. 

^^iitsiiey,  and  apple  and  peach  brandy  arc  also 
made  in  considerable  quantities. 

PilOMlSCUOUS  RE.UARKS  ON  TJife  GOVERNMENT. 

The  constitution,  laws,  and  government  of  ITppo 
Canada  arc  much  belter  than  people  unacquainted ■> 
M'lth  them  expect.     It  is  not  my  intention  hrr.>.  to 
write  much  respecting  the  government,  tiiough  1  had 
taken  iijuch  pains  in  studyin-  it  with  an  intention  oi 
publishing  the  result  of  my  enquiries  on  the  .subject 
One  year  beibre  the  declaration  of  T^ar  by  the  Amc 
ncan  government  against  England,  while  in  Canad. 
I  issu(^d  proposals  for  a  geographical  and  political 
view  ol  the  province ;  but,  ay  it  is  now  generally  ex- 
pected that  tlie  province  will  fall  into  the  hands  of 
the  American  government,  I  shall  make  only  a  few 
remarks  on  tlie  subject. 

In  the  year  1791,  the  then  called  province  of  Que- 
bec was,  by  an  act  of  the  British  Parliament,  divide  " 
ed  mto  two  separate  provinces~to  be  called  the  pro- 
vince  of  Lower  Canada,  and  Ihc  province  of  TJnn.r 
i^anada.     By  this  act,  u  constitution  was  formed  for 


X 


ware  are 

iiidMiice. 
arc  also 


f  Uppo: 
[uaintiidl 
hvre  to 
h  I  had 
ntion  of 
subject, 
le  Amie- 
-^anada, 
>oJiticaI 
illy  ex- 
aiids  of 
"  a  few 

►fQue- 
divid- 
le  pro- 

-  rv'- 

led  for 


\ 


.4. 


each  province,  each  Iii  it,s  nature  calculated  lo  suit  the 
!-"?fnati()ii  of  their  respective  inhabitants-— one  being" 
,  ly  settled  by  the  Fictich,  and  the  other  by  the 
English. 

The  constitution  put  it  out  of  the  power  of  the 
Ci  itish  parliament  to  impotje  any  taxes  on  the  people 
tifLer  upon  their  property  or  trade,  but  what  was 
rif  i^ssary  for  the  icguiatiou  of  commerce:  but  this 

vild  be  dispojied  of  by  the  Legislature  of  the  pro- 
vince for  the  bcueiit  cf  the  same.  The  constitutioH 
also  provides  for  the  creation  of  a  Legifciative  council 
anrl  a  Legislative  assembly.  The  King  also  sends  a 
grivernour  who  acts  in  the  King's  name.  The  mem- 
h(:i6  of  the  legislative  council  are  selected  by  the  King 
and  go veniour  jointly ;  these  hold  their  seats  dm'ing 
Ilk  if  they  do  tiot  forfeit  it.  The  members  of  the 
Legislative  Assembly  are  elected  every  fourth  year 
])y  the  freemen  of  the  province.  Any  man  of  the 
age  of  twenty- four,  and  who  Is  worth  property  to 
the  amount  of  forty  shillings  a  year,  and  has  been  in 

e  province  seven  years,  may  be  elected  a  member 
oi  the  Legislative  assembly,  or  vote  for  one.*  The 
r  uking  of  laws  for  the  welfare  of  the  people  is  the  busi- 
v-sof  theliCgislative  Assembly,  must  be  assented  to 
hy  the  Legislative  Council  and  governour  in  the 
J  ing's  name,  before  they  become  lat\'s,  yet  the  Le- 
f/hil ative  Council,  ;;overnour,  British  parliament  ot 

*  The  people  vote  in  Canada  by  word  of  mou  A. 


72 


'!! 


%if    i- 


King,  cannot  luakc  any  laws  for  the  people  of  Cana- 
da,  «  without  the  advice  andconsent  of  the  Legisla- 
tive ABsembly.** 

From  hence  we  see  that  the  people  have  got  the 
means  of  guarding  th«^mselveh'.    About  twelve  ^/ears 
ago,  the  assembly  parsed  an  act  dividing  the  province 
into  districts,  or  ridings,  every  om  of  which  sends  one 
member  to  parliament  or  th6  assembly.    The  num- 
ber of  members  at  present,  Auguiit,  181^,  f^  twenty- 
six,  two  tMi  ds  of  which  are  natives  of  the  United 
States,*  sm  than  one  third  of  the  justices  ot  iht 
peace  are  AiEericanf!,  the  sherifls  are  either  Emop^ 
ansor  loyalists;  th»;  iarj,  accor^ng  to  the  constitu- 
tion, must  be  taken  ii?  rotafioji  fiom  each  township, 
as  their  names  ntmi  m-  tiie  assessment  roll  or  list  of 
Barnes ;  of  course  the.  majority  are  always  America!i?„ 
Tlie  majority  of  the  Courts  of  Quarter  Sessions,  Pijc*- 
bate  Surrogate,  and  Courts  of  King's  Bench,  are  Eu- 
ropeaiis ;  yet  the  proceedings  of  those  Courts  are  re« 
gulated  hj  the  acts  of  the  Assembly. 

In  the  second  session  of  the  first  Parliament  in 
179^3,  an  act  waa  passed  to  prevent  the  further  in- 
troduc  tion  of  slaves.  Tlie  excellent  words  of  that  act 
begin  thus :--«  IVhereajs  it  is  unjust  ihat  a  people 
who  enjoy  freedom,  by  law  should  encourage  slavery, 

*  No  Minister  of  the  Gospel  can  get  In  either  hQ?i3e.  of  §Qtm^. 
the  people  ar©  iwt  tfraid  of  epirituia  tyran/iy. 


1 


^  'ttr 


5  of  Cana- 
e  Legisla- 

ve  got  the 
dve  years 
e  province 
I  sends  one 
The.  num- 
h  tvv^eDty- 
iie  United 
c^3  of  tJie 
T  Eiiroper 
B  constitu- 
townshipj 
or  list  of 
Lmericaxi]» 
sions,  Pi^t^ 
h,  are  Eu« 
*ts  are  re- 

lament  in 
urther  in- 
>f  that  act 
a  people 
^e  slavery, 


' 


$ 


1 


That  after  the  passing  of  this  act,  no  per 

son  brought  into  the  jxrovince  shall  be  subject  to  tiic 
condition  of  a  slave.*'  All  that  were  then  in  the  pro- 
vince are  free  at  25  years  of  age. 

The  taxes  in  Canada  are  very  small,  no  person  is 
tuJied  ^lore  than  one  penny  upon  the  pound  sterling 
he  is  Tvirth,  accoi'ding  to  the  valuation  of  property 
Tiiado  V; v  act  of  Parliament,  and  which  at  present  is 
not  more  than  half  of  what  it  would  sell  for.     The 
taxes  so  collected  are  laid  out  by  the  judges  of  the 
<;oiut  of  quaiter  sessions  for  the  benefit  of  the  district, 
from  which  it  was  collected,  and  where  the  court  is 
■—it  is  to  pay  the  >vages  of  the  members  of  the  as 
«embly  sent  from  the  district,  and  half  of  the  salary 
of  the  fiheriffe  of  the  same,  to  build  or  repair  the 
court-house  or  jail,  and  Uie  like.     The  whole  »;xpcuce 
of  the  govenunent  of  Canada  except  what  is  here 
noted,  is  paid  by  the  King,  which  together  with  the 
Indian  department,  costs  him  i^o  million  sterling 
annually,  and  which  frees  the  people  from  a  great 
burthen. 

The  Moneasts,  Tmikers,  and  Quakers  are  exempts 
edfrom  military  duty  by  paying  annually  in  time  of 
peace  five  dollars,  and  in  time  of  war  twenty.  The 
governour  of  the  province  has  power  by  law  to  call 
out  all  the  militia,  and  to  cross  tliem  over  the  line 
hi  pursuit  of  an  enemy  that  has  invaded  the  pro- 
vince, or  to  uestit»y  8,ny  fort  or  fortincatiori,  that 

0 


-K 


K 


I 


4  * 

1 

m 

^H 

J|: 

[:1}ai  li 


74 

umy  be  the  means  of  covering  or  assisting  an  inV.: 
teion,  but  in  no  other  case. 

Stealing,  exposes  a  person  to  <leatli,  if  the  thii 
stolen  is  worth  thirteen  pence,  yet  the  plaintiff  ixu 
vahie  it  as  low  as  he  please?,  and  if  below  thirte 
pence,  the  thief  is  clear.  No  one  has  yet  been  hui/ 
ill  Upper  Canada  for  stealing,  however  the  puoi 
are  afraid  to  venture  their  lives  in  the  handu  atlieri, 


V' 


.' . 


t 


an  inV< 


he  tliii 
liJft*  lUJi 

een  hui; 
le  peop 
s  other!, . 


APPENDIX. 


'■ 


1 


DESCmi'TIOX  OF  JVUGJIB^  VAhL^. 

M.wt  writers  have  attempted  to  describe  tbis  cu, 
rioBity  of  nature ;  yet  all  the  descriptions  that  I  have 
read,  appear  to  me  not  to  bo  sufficiently  illustrative 
or  correct  :-l  will  therefore  describe  it  myself,  in  as 
plain  a  manner  as  possibh',  unadorned  with  any  fan- 
ciful strokes  of  rhetoric.  _ 

In  order  to  have  a  proper  view  of  the  falls,  and  ad- 
jacent parts,  I  will  suppose  a  person  to  be  saihng,  in  a 
little  boat, out  of  Lake  Ontario,  up  the  Niagara  nvei- 
or  outlet   of  Lake  Erie.    Soon  after  you  leave  the 
lake,  you  pass  the  village  of  Niagara,  on  the  right 
hand,  and  Niagara  old  fort  on  the  U.  S.  side   A  little 
further  up,  you  pass  fort  George  on  the  right-here 
the  water  is  deep  and  smooth.    You  still  sail  oi.  a  due 
Muth  course,  the  water  being  smooth,  and  the  banks 
about  sixteen   feet  high,  and  in  most  places  ptrpcr 


'11 
*  11 


:  ! 


li 


i 


Mi 


J  III 


1 


i 


rt 


I 


-1 


1  ii  i'> 


i!m 


76 


dicular  for  scvn  iriile;;.    Here  you  comf   to  Qu 
ton  on  the  .IgUt  hand,  and   JAwiston  on  the  left,  or 
Unilcd  Slate^i  fclde.     This  j^^laco  is  called  the  lund- 
Irigjioi^  here  all  the  lading  of  vcsHdf  destined  for  th' 
comitry,  each  side  of  Lake  T'.  !  the  Michtj^ut 

territory,  are  taken  out  a         :  .^.jtd  up  the  Moun- 
tain or  slopo,  nme  milerj  ^^  the  dill  water,  two  ib;   . 
above  the  Falls.    The  ;  scent  of  ihig  slopc,«tliou;^u 
three  hundred  feet  liigh,  is  very  ea*^      ^  ...  r  -  ^ 
here  is  half  a  niilf  wide,  and  a  little  above  there  is  a 
whirl  of  cohsider il/ie  depth,  tliuugh  not  dangero  i- 
After  you  paea  this  pkce  three  hundred  yards,  yr*- \ 
m\AX  the  AxiVLV  1  ciiime:   and  instead  of  the  liv  ;' 
proj?pect  of  the  i  .ihng  of  ships  ^\  ith  liying  coloiu  , 
fiultfuliields,  and  pleasant  landscapes,  you  areyj! 
at  once  buded  hi  a  grave  Ok  at  least  three  hund^    : 
feet  deep.    Although  it  is  open  at  the  top,  shot    f 
you  look  up,  the  sight  is  tr»dy  gloomy:  the  banks  -^^ 
perjjftndicular,  and  in  gome  places  more  than  perr  ^ 
dicular,  ^abounding  -ivith  craggy  rocii^anging  o , 
yoiu*  head  in  a  frightful  may^ier  ,    near    he  surf^, 
there  is  lo  be  seen  flat  rocks  pFojcctlng  loward  ee  " 
otjier  in  a  horizontal  pogitioH.f     You  htiU  rov/  oi  r 

*  This  place  is  tnemorablc.     Here  the  American t  crossed 
the  I3th  of  October,  1812,  to  invade  Ciinada. 

f  Thip  place  is  also  meiTiorabie.  Down  in  U  i;  Jful  chiriM 
amunber  of  ihe  Aiiiericrin  soitiiers  .vere  dro'  he  onq'  bv  i  ' 
Indians,  alter  t^'y  had  surrtrndered  themselves  pnsotjer&  afw  . 
to  tlie  British,  on  the  IStli  of  October,  XU% 


i 


m 


•^  ... 


ic  Ic.fi,  or 
the  lund- 
d  for  tlv 

le  Moli.'^ 
two  mil  , 

here  is  a 

ht,  iiv  i , 
;;  colour^, 
u  ar< 
Jiuiid    ;; 

I  per;-  '> 

ing  o'v.;* 

SUft  : 
OV/    OP  15 

"roused 

mg  by  1'^ 
ers  >f  \\ 


ufli  direction  with  little  variation,  the  water  is  con- 
,: a  rably  rapid,  and  the  banks  have  nearly  the  same 
npncarancc,  until  within  about  a  mile  of  cataract, 
wlure  the  banks  are  not  quite  so  high ;  at  still  all 
ifi  Aioomy,  as  you  are  buried  from  the  sight  of  the 
iana  of  the  living,  and  must  be  filled  with  haunted 
Ihoi^ghtfi  of  five  .hundred  murdered  dsad,  that  in  one 
Mai  hour,  plunged  into  the  mighty  grave  near  which 

you  now  are.* 

As  you  proceed,  the  water  becomes  very  rapid,  and 
at  length  tJie  mighty  Falls  appear  in  full  tremen- 
dous view,  and  fill  the  ear  with  dismal  roar.  It  is 
eight  miles  from  Quecnston.  When  you  arrive  within 
::r'  yards  ol  the  cataract,  you  must  fop.  Here  the 
bed  of  the  river  \\idens,  and  is  not  sunk  more 
^lian  half  the  disttu.oe  below  the  surface,  as  it 
W3   at  your  first  entrance  of  the  chime.     A  view  of 

'     horiz(  ^  is  of  course  more  extensive.     In  sitting 

in  vour  m^  ba  k,    he  above   distance,  with  your 

<    to  the  soi'%  i   fore  you  flows  the  main  body  of 

^  Some  distance  ;fc>        tK  P^Hs,  on  the  U.  S.  Hide,  near  the 
eh.tne,  there  is  ahok.SuO  )   -ds  m  circuit,  and  300  feet  deep, 
.  trees  und  cvmggy  *ck*  sticking  to  the  inner  surface.    In 
thf  Ffench  war  in  this  pi-ovince,  in  1759,  there  was  a  company  of 
Aiue-icanand  British  80»d;  ers,  with  all    heii' baggage  wag'ffonfc 
•.,. ling  by  this  hole;  when  they  were  a,    litven  into  it,  at  i\  > 
ivt  of  tlie  bayonet,  by  a  comp  my  oi  kwnclh  who  lay  in  tm^ 
Only  two  men  esca^sd.    Uiic  uf  tUiifla  i  uw  lives  five  imW, 
the  i--^-6: 

9   (4- 


m 


78 


i   i 


UMI* 


'":l(, 


liiJ 


<      i 

t    I    .  ;■ 

I! 


mm 


water,  and  plunges  over  with  a  tremendous  dasft. 
About  60  yards  of  the  middle  of  this  cataract  is 
much  deeper  than  the  rest,  in  consequence  of  a  chime 
sunk  in  the  rock.  The  water  Iiere has  a  bluish gretn 
appearance.  On  your  left  hand,  comes  the  other 
part  of  the  river,  not  so  large  by  a  sixth  part,  and 
falls  over  also. 

This  river  is  divided  into  two  separate  pitches, 
each  400  yards  in  width.#  This  division  is  made  by 
a  small  island,  crowding  up  to  the  verge  of  the  rock, 
near  the  middle.  It  e^tend^  half  a  mile  up  the  stream, 
and  terminates  in  a  point,  where  the  water  divides  * 
toihe  right  and  left. 

The  (mm  of  the  cataract  bends  inwards,  or  is 
nearly  a  Ifenicircle.  By  the  striking  force  of  the  fall- 
ing ater  on  that  below,  wwicl  is  pressed  under,  which 
rises  below  in  a  foaming  niunner,  though  not  to  any 
ijeiglith  or  violence.f 

The  lime-stone  rock,  on  the  U.  S.  side,  over  which 
the  water  flows,  shelves  considerably,  and  leaves  a 
large  cavity  between  the  base  and  falling  colunm  oa 
water ;  and,  were  it  not  for  the  depression  of  air,  a 
person  might  walk  some  distance  in  it  witliout  be- 
ing wet. 

*  Great  numbers  of  small  eels  may  be  often  seen  on  the  edge 
of  the  beach,  bclov;  the  Falls.  They  are  trying  to  get  over  j  but 
cannot  succeeds  utiIliss  some  one  Essists  them. 

"I  Tills  Air.  EUicott  compares  to  cocks  oi'hay ;  but  I  have  ne- 
ver stca  any  tbing  of  Ui*t  appearance. 


Th 
the  b 
mouni 
which 
of  bea 

iug  ui 
shape 

Ab 

the  r 

vact.'' 

The  ( 

es  du' 

mile 

ence< 


A 


•A 


ro 


us  dasR. 
itaract  is 
^a  chime 
ish  gre*  I! 
he  other 
part,  and 

pitches, 
made  by 
the  rock, 
e  stream, 
r  divides . 


rds,  or  is 
[the  fall* 
er,  which 
oi  to  any 

er  which 
leaves  a 
ylnnm  oi 
of  air,  a 
lout  be- 


1  the  edge 
over }  but 

X  have  ne- 


K 


The  mighty  dash  oX,so  great  a  body  of  water  0» 
the  bed  below,  raises  a  fog  or  small  rain,  which 
mounts  u[»  and  spreads  to  a  considerable  distance,  in 
which  (when  the  sm  shinrs)  may  b(;  seen  a  variety 
of  beautiful  rainbows.    In  the  winter,  this  rain  light- 
ing upon  the  neighbouring  trees,congcals  in  a  thousand 
shapes,  fornung  a  romantic  and  pleasing  appearance. 
About  1  aif  a  mile  above  the  Falls,  what  are  called 
the  rapids  begin,  and  descend  50  feet  to  the  cata- 
ract.*   The  water  descends  below  the  Falls  70  feet. 
The  draft  of  this  rapid  is  so  great,  that  it  often  reach- 
es ducks  and  geese,  when  they  appear  to  be  half  a 
mile  out  of  danger,  and  when  once  under  the  influ- 
ence of  the  impetuous  current,  they  cannot  get  on  the 
wing  a^jain.    Indians  with  tlieir  canoes  have  been 
known  to  be  irresistibly  carried  down  the  rapid,  and 
have  dinappeared  forever. 

Alcove  thii  rapid,  the  river  spreads  to  nearly  three 
liiiles  wide,  and  i'?  shaUow,  with  several  small  islands. 
The  river  now  has  a  south-east  course  to  Grand  Isl- 
and, 9  mile  wide,  and  then  south  to  lake  Erie,  where 
it  is  only  a  mile  wide.     This  is  20  miles  from  the 
Falls  by  water. — From  this  place,  you  may  sail 
more  than  a  thousand  miles  if  you  wish,  to  th'  end  of 
l,nke  Superior,  without  encountering  any  mure  ialls. 

If  my  reader  pleases,  I  will  invite  him  back  a.^ain, 
to  view  and  contemi)Iate  a  little  uKjre  thio  awful 

•  The  hofl  of  the  rapids  is  very  rocky. 


ir 


I^v> 


;  ,u 


\M 


.   1 


v\ 


'i 


•i 


m 


i  ' 


'rl: 


^ 


11 


kJu! 


eoene.  On  both,  sides  of  the  rapids,  above  the  Fa 
the  banks  oftlie  river  are  quite  low,  and  there  £ 
many  convenient  situations  for  water-works.  Sevei 
are  now  erected,  yet  there  is  room  for  more.  Witt 
small  expense,  a  large  quantity  of  water  can 
brought  in  use  to  do  great  execution. 

The  perpendicular  pitch  of  this  vast  body  of  v 
ter  is  144  feet— add  to  this  50  feet  above  and  70  ' 
low,  and  we  fin(i  that  the  river  descends  in  eight  m  ' 
and  a  half,  264  feet.     Some  who  have  never  seen  \ 
river,  suppose  it  to  be  much  less  than  it  is,  while  c 
ers  suppose  it  to  be  larger.     Indeed,  it  is  hard . 
any  one  to  judge  with  propriety,  that  has  seen  it. 
there  are  but  eight  miles  in  the  \v  hole  length  of 
river,  between  the  two  lakes,  where  any  current  c;' 
be  seen,  and  that  is  very  rapid. 

For  the  contemplation  of  the  curious,  who  ma 
perhaps  never  see  these  Falls,  1  have  made  the  folio \ 
ing  calculatic^n,  from  which  they  may  form  some  t 
lerably  correct  idea  of  the  quantity  of  ^vater  that  fal 
over  this  cataract : — 

Say  that  each  of  the  spaces  over  which  the  wat 
pitches,  is  400  yards  wide,  or  12(.X)  feet.  The  mc 
fcliallow  one  of  these,  or  tliat  on  the  U.  S.  side,  is  thr 
feet  deep,. on  the  verge  of  the  rock  over  which  it  fa! 
Now,  if  v/e  multiply  its  depth  (S  feet)  into  its  wid 
(1200  feet),  we  have  3GIX)  cubic  or  solid  feet  ofwal 

iiitk  4Jip  t'tirMvp  ,\£ iVii^  i»v/>ii  'ii'^'A  Ac  i^M^ff^  ^vp  A >?  nr-ivr 


iM 


i  the  Fa 
I  there  i 

s.  Sevei 
B.  Witl 
ter  can 

lody  of  V 
:  and  70 
eight  ra 
^er  seen  \ 
,  while  c' 
is  hard .; 
s  seen  it,,  s\ 
ngth  of 
current  c o 

,  who  ina 
J  the  folio  > 
:m  some  t 
er  that  fa! 

I  the  wat 
The  mc 
IdCj  is  thr 
lich  it  fal 
0  its  vvid 
?et  of  wat: 

p  A'^^  nr,ivr. 


81 

•  -oirdupois  in  ?i  cu])ic  or  solid  foot  of  Avater,  (and  a 
■'e  more,  ^vhich  we  will  i(^ave  out  to  avoid  frac- 

Uons) ;  so',  if  we  multiply  63  (the  pounds  in  a  square 
oi'  water)  into  36130  (tlie  niunl>er  of  feet  of  wa- 
iiT  on  the  verge),  we  have  223,200  pounds  of  watef 
a  the  verge  of  the  precipice.  But  when  we  consi- 
,^<-i\the  laws  of  gravity  respecting  spouting  fluids  and 
'  Uiiig  bodies,  wo  shall  find  that  the  water  of  this  ca- 
taract receives  a  vast  additional  weight  by  the  time 
.1  comes  to  tine  lowest  point  of  fall.  In  ordtr, 
iiif-refore,  to  llnd  this  additional  weight,  we  must 
1  luj  the  follo\^  ing  things : — 

-  Hcavv  bodies  near  the  surface  of  the  earth,  fall 

ur>c  foot  the  first  quarter  of  a  f  cond,  three  feet  tli« 

;itd,  five  feet  the  third,  and  seven  feet  in  the  fourth 

.liter ;  that  is,  ten  feet  io  the  first  second.     Let  go 

I-!   ;  bullets  together—stop  the  first  at  one  second 

..  it  will  have  have  fallen  10  feet;  stop  the  next 

'  fhe  end  of  the  second  second,  and  it  will  have  fall- 

:  '     X  .'^  ::=  4)  four  tinier  16  or  6ii  feet;  and  stop 

'  the  last  at  the  er  d  of  the  third  second,  and  the  dis- 

f  -     fallen  ^vili  l)c  (3x3  =  9)  nine  times  16  or  I'M 

and  60  (.)n.      iS'ow  the  momentum,  or  force,  with 

).  a  falling  body  strikes,  is  equal  to  its  weight 

,,        \)\kd  by  its  velocity,"  and  in  order  to  find  which 

•  i  vv.ust  "  multiply  the  perpendicular  space  fallen 


* 


ill.   Oy  U*,  aiivi     MiO  b^iuaiw  ivJ^Ji-  Ui     tJiv^ 


/>       m\ll<'/\i  ttV 


ni 


VJi.\l\JV 


fl\ 


1     Lk  velocity  required."— ^£?  I'ikeh  Arith.  page 


^i*.    i 


u 


5;|ii  , 


-'    I 


m 


I 


t 
I 

II' 


82 

From  calculation,  we  find  tliat'the  water  of  thi. 
calaract  U  three  .ecouds  descending  the  one  hundred 
and  forty-four  fret,  and  that  the  vdocdy  -^a.re 
I  that  time  .M,d  distance  to  be  90,  wh.ch  it  we  mul- 
tiplv  i..to  22;5,m  the  number  of  poundsofwa  tcr  or. 
iu-pofthe  rock,  we  find  that  21,4%300>sth^^ 

,,.isht  thereof  at  its  lowest  point  of  fall :  th«  «  the 
weit'ht  of  the  water  of  the  smallcrt  part  of  he  cata- 
ract,  or  that  on  ihc  United  States  nde,  the  other  part 
of  the  falls  as  has  been  noted,  is  at  least  s-x  f^mes  a= 
large,  that  is  0  timesthe  auantity  of  water  flows  ov«^ 
it.  Now  if  we  ir,uUiply  the  al,ove  ^"'(^^Z;^ 
i.v  6,  we  have  the  enormous  sum  ot  128,M.^^. 
pLn^s  of  water,  which  fail,  on  the  bed  of  the  n.e. 

below,  ,  .      iJ.ionr 

No  wonder  then  that  the  solid  rock  and  d  .  ai>. 
.uvface  bend  beneath  the  n.ighty  pre6.uve,  and  tha 
I  sound  i.  often  heard  at  the  distance  of  twcn 
and  some,  times  i    '  miles.     However,  it  mu..,  I- 
here  noticed  that  faUmg  bodi..  met  with  re.slanc. 
from  the  air  through  which  they  pa^S  which  i.  »l 
a^^ta  proportion  to  the  distance  fallen,  the  v.loo.t.r 
Tf  the  LL,  and  dimensions  of  their  surfaces  •,  or 
mother  word,  the  water  of  this  cataract  i.  c^isu  le.. 
olV  resided  bv  the  air  through  which  it  falls,  fi o,. 
which  circum'stance  it  api^ars  that  there  ought  .<■ 
w    «nn,e  reduction   from   its  weight,    or   stvuni; 
force  at  its  lowest  point  of  fall :  yet  when  ^s'c  ol^serw 


II  <« 


il 


83 


ter  of  thib 
c  hundred 
r  acquired 
if  we  mul- 
)f  water  on 
,^00  is  lii( 
this  is  tlie 
)f  the  cat2r= 
;  other  part 
ix  times  a^ 
r  Hows  over 

128,563,2CK^ 
of  the  riyei 

and  disLaiii 
re,  and  that 
e  of  twenty, 
,  itrauBt.  S^e 
th  reslstimc  • 
which  is  Til 
live  velocity 
surfaces  ;  e^* 
is  csnsideru, 
it  falls,  frorn 
ere  ought  ir 
or   strikin:; 
ju  we  ol^serv  I 


fhr^i  fiaids  act  by  prcsnrre  andgi'avity  both,  and  that 
i-vi  ■  y  |>art  of  this  cataract  is  of  some  depth,  and 
al)oiit  sixty  yards  is  eighteen  feet  deep  wliere  the 
pTCfc'Sure  is  great,  of  course  we  may  fairly  calculate 
sh\d  tfie  pressure  out-halacces  the  resistance.     But 
v;  .  .1.-1 3  are  nou  elastic,  they  do  iiot  produce  but  half 
tlje  trilt^t  of  perfect  elastic  bodies.     Were  the  water 
*"  I  Ms  cataract  a  perfect  elastic  body  and  fell  on  a 
'.  elastic  base,  the  strikiiig'  force  and  sound 
■•  nM  H  jtist  four  times  as  great  as  it  now  is,     Sev- 
ters  who  have  wrote  a  description  of  this  ca- 
uid  the  adjacent  partf^,  h.ave  stated  that  tlie 
' .  re  once  down  at  the  landing  or  north  side  of 
i  or  niountaiu  already  noted.    And   "that 
I '  !  great  lengtiv  of  tiine^  quantity  of  water,  and 
from  widcli  it  fell,  the  solid  rock  is  wore 
svv.i}     r  seven  Kiiki  up  the  stream  to  wliere  it  is 
now.       To  me  it  is  plain  that  neither  of  these  asscr- 
i(    a:  ;5  true.     Whoever  will  take  the  nainn      view 
m  ffom  tiie  f)e.j.^innkig  of  the  slope  through 
he  water  now  Hows  up  to  the  falls,  must  be 
id  oi  the  miitakt;,  Tor  tlif  hanks  are  not  foM 
»  it  are  in  some  places  sand,  in  oth'Ts  sand  and 
]';v      d  in  othert^  eoUd  rock,  as  al^o  trees,  bushos, 
^ks  ahd  M/  ne^  but  in  very  few  places  are  the 
V  bolid  rock  on  both  sides.*     That  the  ca  d- 

•?1  l,"nc£i'-'i.  ft'li'  s  ..  --U  the  bank«  of  thil  river  in  the 
.,  V   u;(     suys,  **oaa  CiU'<  f'.^  ^yiininution  of  the  banka  oi  the 


w 

1,1 

}  I'i 

)• 

' 

,\ 

i         k 

'ii 

.1  ^  :ii 

!    I 


I     . 


^    1 


84. 

ract  was  ever  down  at  tlie  north  side  of  tlie  felope,  i^ 
a  conjecture  to  me  very  improbable,  for  if  it  v.as  ever 
there,  it  must  have  fallen  from  those  flat  and  horizon- 
tal  rocks  already  named,  and  wJiich  are  near  the  sur- 
face  of  the  ground.  The  surface  of  the  gTound,  oy 
top  of  the  slope,  where  the  Falls  arc  supposed  once  to 
have  been,  is  ei^M  l^et  higher  than  the  still  waXcr 
above  the  rapids  already  noted,  according  to  me? 
surement,  and  but  one  loot  lower  than  the  lower  end 

of  Lake  Erie.  v'  ^4t  - 

js[ow  as  there  is  a  considerable  hollow  en  the.  Unv 
ted  States  side,,  about  halfway  bets^een  the  Falls  and 
the  top  of  the  mountain,  it  is  evida^t  the  ^^  hole  viVC]^ 
would  have  found  itB  way  mto  Lake  Ontario  through 
this  hollow,  rather  t^  ui  rise  at  least  'Mrty  fe^t  to 
laow  over  the  top  of  the  mountaui,  or  Svope. 

From  the  Falls,  the  ground  i^  level  in  every  direc^ 

tion,and  on  the  Canada  bide,  heids  are  cui'ivated  to 

the  verge  of  the  bank  ^\  some  places.     The  cataraci 

may  be  seen  from  some  directions,  at  the  distance  o; 

four  miles.     A  little  above  the^c  fells  there  is  a  sprio;;; 

exnitting  a  gas,  or  an  hiftamnuibie  air„  which  if  cot  • 

fined  in  a  pipe,  and  fire  set  to  it  ^vill  burn. 

It  is  curious  to  see  all  the  trees  near  this  cataran 

"  cut  on  the  baxk  for  a  considerable  distance  up  all  ovc) 

tiTeritwas  evident  that  tliere  was  no  good  fcAindalion  fov  tbi 
rthe  above]  opinicHi."  See  a  noteiti  Mor3e\s  Ga/eltcer,  prai^ 
ed  ftt  Boston  m  1797,  cnUer  tJie  itord  N:agara> 


1 


e  ftlope,  ii^ 
t  was  ever 
1  horizon- 
ir  the  sur- 
;vound,  oy 
xl  once  to 
till  water 
5  to  me? 
lower  end 

1  the  tJnb 
;  Falls  and 
\ hole  iivc]* 
io  tlircugh 
i1,y  feet  to 

/• 

very  direc- 
il'ivated  to 
be  cataract 
(Usance  o; 
3  is  a  sprio;;: 
hich  if  coi  • 

lis  oatara<  I 
» up  all  OV'^5 

lalion  foi'  Ibi 


85 

the  initials  or  Brst  letters  of  persons'  name?,  with 
ear  in  which  they  were  cut:  some  of  these 
i'mU.i'  are  of  contJiderable  age ;  I  discovered  t^7o  tliat 
bad  been  made  tuo  hundred  and  seven  years,  or  in 
IGOC,  which  was  two  years  before  the  province  was 
?re?  '  I  by  the  French,  though  it  was  discovered  by 
ill.  iiglish  three  hundred  and  sixteen  years  ago,  or  in 
year  149?'.  Tliere  is  a  ladder  provided  one 
iui  iriied  and  forty-four  feet  long,  to  go  down  into  the 
.  ha^i^i,  though  but  few  will  venture, 

,  \lassaugus  nation  of  Indians  used  to  sacrifice 
i'fsi^^'f'ataract,  before  theji  were  visited  bytheRo- 
liia;]  Catholic  PriestF. 

it  two  years  ago,  some  of  the  island  already 
named  fed  to  the  bottom  with  a  great  sound. 


KSM-IRKS  BKLATIVE   TO  TH^.  SITUATION  OP  THE   ?G0- 
TLE  OF  CaNAUA,  IlESPJiCTlNG  THE  WaIU 

|v>  writing  upon  this  subject,  I  feel  as  if  J  was 

rea* ling  upon  delicate  ground.    Although  T  feel  as 

iimcli  neutrality  in  the  contest  as  perhaps  it  is  possi- 

r  li    for  an}  one  to  feel,  except  that  I  have  one  wish 

•.rhifh  is  that  of  peace.     Yet,  no  dou])t,  some  of  ray 

,  leifi  M  ill  find,  or  think  they  find  some  partiality  in 
rn\  i-emaiks  on  the  subject. 

However,  I  intend  to  retaie  nothing  but  the  truth, 


,ii 


i\ 


ill 


1 


III 


86 

ilie  general  knowledge  of  which,!  hope  will  (w)b(iTie- 
ficial. 

I  have  already  noted  that  six  out  of  ten  of  the  in- 
habitants, were  natives  of  the  United  State?,  or  their 
children  born  in  Canada,  These  people  did  not  move 
to  the  province  because  they  preferred  the  govern- 
ment of  Great-Britain  to  that  of  the  Uinled  States, 
but  in  order  to  obtain  land  upon  easy  .terms,  for  it 
must  be  remembered,  that  all  the  land  of  Canada 
now  ]nha])ited,  was  given  to  the  people  by  the  Kmg 
who  bought  it  of  the  Indians.% 

j>  It  must  here  be  mentioned  also,  thai  in  order  1o  ob- 
tain this  gift,  they  were  inider  the  necessiity  of  taking 
the  oath  of  allegiance  to  his  Majesty,  the  King. 

While  the  CongresH  of  the  UBitcd  States  wm  in 
debate,  relative  to  the  declaiation  of  war  against 
England,  and  all  hr.r  territovicis  and  dependencies, 
the  parliament  of  Canada  passed  a  law  providing  for 
the  raising  and  training  one  third  of  the  militia  of 
the  province,  between  the  age  of  18  and  45,  called 
Sank  companies.  And  at  the  same  time  passed  an 
act  for  the  formation  of  a  peculiar  kind  of  an  oath  of 
allegiance,  to  l>e  adniiuistered  to  the  militia,  at  the 
discretion  of  the  Governour. 


•  At   preKont  there  is  &  small  conuderation  required,   and 
"ahould  tlvis  land  be  sold  at  any  time  t«  any  peison,  such  person 
»iU9t  take  the  oath  of  uiie^i*ui*i«  Wivkin  one  jc&r,  oir  U^  i^rH 
Msbacktotlie  King. 


■  the  in- 
or  their 
ot  move 
govern- 
i  States, 
J,  for  it 
Canada 
lie  King 

[ir  loob- 
f  taldng 

were  in 
against 
Kiencies, 
ding  for 
ilitia  of 
5,  called 
Lssed  an 
1  oath  of 
I,  at  the 


I  red,   and 
ih  person 


8r 

This  oath  was  the  subject  of  gre?.:  complaint,  and 
many  refused  to  take  it,  insomuch,  that  the  Govern^ 
ojir  thought  proper  to  lay  it  by. 

At  this  fie?;sion,  there  M'as  an  attempt  made  to  pass 
an  act  to  suspend  for  eighteen  montlis,  the  liabeas 
corpus  act,  and  thereby  to  deprive  the  people  of  tiie 
process  of  trial  by  court  and  jury,  Howevt  r^  it  did 
not  pass  by  some  odds. — ^^Ilid  this  act  passed,  there 
is  wo  doubt  but  that  a  rebcliion  would  have  taicen 
place. 

The  act  that  was  passed  for  the  organi station  of  a 
part  of  the  miUtia,  was  carried  into  effect  without 
any  opposition,  as  but  few  expected  that  the  declara- 
tion of  war  would  take  place ;  indeed,  but  few  knew 
Uiat  fiuoh  an  act  was  under  consideration ;  the  invar 
sion  of  Canada  was  contemplated  ])ut  by  few. 

When  war  was  declared  again^-t  England,  Mr.  Fos- 
ter, Minister  from  tlie  couri  cl  Great-Britain,,  to  iha 
United  Staten,  sent  an  express  to  Canada,  with  great 
■peed. 

When  the  government  were  iDformei  of  the  eventj 
the  jQank  companies  were  ordered  to  Fort  ieorge,  and 
t'ler  places  on  the  lines,  with  great  expedition. 

They  were  told  that  they  must  go  to  such  places 

)  get  their  muskets,  after  which  they  might  return* 

'his  order  they  obeyed  wlih  cheerfiUnass,  not  know- 

iiig  that  war  wa:''  deciaxed,  or  that  tliey  should  be  de- 

aued,  which  ho  is  ever  was  the  case.' 


ihi 


''■' 


ll-  t 


I  ill 


f«l 


m 


if  .19       ft         -.A 


m  \A 


m 


ill 


u 


rif  I 


if  ■'. 

u     ■ 


w 


U^i 


hi 


Had  they  known  of  the  declaiation  of  Avar,  and 
that  th  y  were  to  be  detained  for  tliat  purpose,  I  ani 
of  opinion  tliat  hut  kw  would  have  conipjied  with 
the  orders,  though  most  of  th?m  were  under  obliga- 
tions so  to  do,  having  talvCB  an  oath  to  that  efilct.* 

At  the  same  time  the  regular  soldierrj  were  march- 
ed from  York  to  Fort  George.  All  the  Indian  war- 
riors on  Grand  River  were  called  for,  and  they  went 
down  immediately, — but  soon  returned.  After  this 
the  chiefs  made  an  arjeemcnt  with  the  Governaiir, 
and  Were  to  have  good  wages  to  engage  in  the  war, 
after  wJiicli,  they  returned  again. 

In  a  little  time  after  this  the  flank  companies  rais- 
ed  in  different  parts  of  the  province  some  distance 
from  E'ort  George,  were  called  to  it;  and  at  the 
same  time  Gen.  Hull  invaded  the  province  at  Sand- 
wich, nearly  300  miles  west  of  Foil  George.  1  then 
lived  on  the  main  road  that  leads  to  it,  on  which  all 
the  fcioldiera  passed,  and  conversed  with  some  hun- 
dreds of  tliem,  re?^pectin.»  tbclr  feelings  ar  1  view&, 
and  found  that  nearly  all  of  them  were  of  the  same 
mind,  and  that  was.  If  Hull  came  down  to  Fort 
George,  (which  was  the  unt  ;rsal  expectation,)  aid 
they  were  ord^ed  to  march  against  liim,  they  w^ouM 

*  Upon  th  i  declaration  ©f  war,  the  govemour  issued  a  procla- 
mation, making  it  treason  for  any  one  to  aL0tm^t  to  cross  the  lint* 
Hiid  nyl  this  been  duiif,  on;?   iuui  of  die  people  would  have  ]•  " 
the  fTinviiieo, 


T 


f 


■  ' 


libjk 


'-»,■    '„ 


.*:^^. 


"»f , 


^ 


war,  and 
osc,  I  an.i 
icd  with 
r  obliga- 
eficct.# 
'e  march- 
diari  war- 
hey  went 
A.fter  %hh 
overnoiir, 

the  war, 

lilies  rais- 
difiance 
d  at  the 
at  Sand- 
,  1  then 
which  all 
)me  hun- 
nd  view  . 
the  same 
I  to  Fort 
ion,)  aid 
Ley  would 

d  a  procla- 
oss  the  line, 
lid  have  !•. 


■tfti 


Y 


notoljey.  Srich  was  theh'  dread  of  war,  and  par- 
tiality to  the  United  States'  govenimtnt.  But  not  a 
mail  would  ha\'c  joined  him  and  fought  against  the 
King,  as  was  the  opinion.  But  the  <  vent  was,  Hull 
did  not  come,  hut  continued  at  sandwich,  and  sent  a 
proclamation  among  the  people,  tclUKg  thciu  he  was 
coming  to  deliver  them  from  tyranny,  and  that  he 
w  as  able  to  accomplish  the  task ;  but,  at  the  frame 
time,  he  invited  them  to  join  him,  like  true  vthtU 
against  their  King  and  oaths,  or  else  stay  and  mind 
their  own  w  ork ;  but  if  any  should  come  against  iiim, 
and  be  found  fighting  by  the  side  of  an  Indian,  they 
should  be  murdered  without  mercy.  I  believe  al- 
most every  one  that  saw  or  heard  of  tills  proclama- 
tion, treated  its  contents  with  contempt.  People  are 
hardly  ever  so  willing  to  do  wrong  irorn  tlie  advice 
of  ethers,  as  of  their  o^vn  accord. 

Now,  to  take  up  dvim  against  their  King,  whom 
they  liad  sworn  to  j)rotect,  was  too  much.  They 
were  oilcnded  at  any  man,  who  could  think  that 
they  M^ere  capalxle  of  such  conduct ;  and  as  to  assist- 
ing Hull  in  freeing  them  from  tyrarniy,  it  \vas  a  mere 
notion— for  it'  they  had  be(  n  under  any,  they  could 
at  any  time  have  crossed  the  line  to  the  United. 
States.  But  Ihcy  ^vere  told  that  they  luiglit  stay  at 
home  and  mind  their  business ; — this  proposal,  they 
wnnid  wiHinglv  have  acctded  to.  for  they  dreaded 
the  war  v\lih  their  whole  souIj.    iiouic  x'f  them  hs 

It  2 


'  ii , 


',1 


IJ 
If 


Illff  i  ^ 


tl.  I    if 


k 


WW 


"M-\    1     ' 


iMI 


deed  took  the  friendly  advice,  for  which  they  m  er 
sliarply  rebuked  by  .heir  rulers,  and  in  consequence 
of  this  some  fled  to  the  wildcrn«'<^s,  and  some  remain 
there  until  this  day  for  aught  I  Icnow  ; >'  but  all  of 
them  were  much  e-Tasperated  against  Hull,  for  tlire;j- 
tening  not  to  give  any  one  quarter?,  who  shoukl  U 
found  jGghting  by  the  side  of  an  Indian. 

They  were  well  assured  that  IIuU  kncAv  every  man 
in  Canada  to  be  imder  the  control  of  the  government, 
and  that  tl?ey  were  obliged  to  bear  arms,  and  at 
least  to  march  wlnu'c  tijey  were  ordered,  arid  that 
they  could  not  prevent  the  Indians  from  marchinf- 
with  them.  They  also  knew  tliat  tJiey  must  com- 
mence an  engagement,  should  they  be  -  brought  in 
sight  of  Huirs  army ;  but  in  the  confoaon  of  a  bat- 
tle, should  one  take  pbr-,  m.avjy  hoped  to  make 
tlieir  escape  to  Hull.  However,  after  this  dreadful 
declaration,  no  one  had  rny  such  \lew,  believing 
if  they  should  leave  the  British  army,  from  among 
the  Indians,  and  go  to  Hull,  that  he  would  Icill  llicm 
According  to  hi?  pi  )mise.  This  operated  very  much 
in  favoiii'  of  the  Britiijh  cause. 

It  was  generally  thought  in  Canada,  that  if  Hull 
had  luarched  with  haste  from  Sandwich  to  lorl 
George,  tlie  province  >vould  have  then  been  coiiquer- 

*  A  \cry  fewfictl  to  Hull,  but  when  he  gave  them  up  they  weiT 

imt   Imi'f.  hilt  rviif    ;»i     ».^*.i       »*  1 t-„-—    -  -       .     1  .t     .      . 

. —  ^..^,  ...  ^..^     ..  ..jjjj  yg5_.jj  ._p^_.^„ -.j..^,    ujey  wcJ'G 

iiaiig-evl ;  but  ti: is  is  vv  Ithout  f©*  .dation; 


ley  werr 
sequence 
i  remain 
t  all  of 
or  thrcJi- 
lould  b«^. 

Try  man 
^rnment., 
,  and  at 
arid  that 
larching' 
ust  com- 
►light  in 
of  a  bat- 
to  make 
rlriat: 


)elieving 
i  among 
:iil  them 
ry  much 

if  Hall 

to  Fori 
Ljynquer- 

the\'  weiT 


i 


n 

^       ed  without  ihe  lo."?  of  a  riian  ;  for  at  that  time 
British  would  not  hav        n  able  to  brin^-  more 
VJOO  men  to  oppose  hi  u,  jeforo      could  have  rca( 
ed  the  Niagara,  and  cu  j^ieratrd    vjth  tlie  army  un 
the  east  sidr,  who  then  coidd  have  come  over  with 
safety,  and  so  th  re  Mould  iiave  been  an  end  of  ^Jie 
unhappy  war. 

L'ut,  contrary  tu  all  expectation,  ITnll  remained  at 
handwich,  tin  Genrral  Brock  issued  his  proci  a 

to  i\v^  i)eopIe,  tellfn^  fr'  that  Hull  was  sent  ./a- 
dison  to  conquer  tlw.  province  for  Bonapart  ml  if 
tlirv  rbV  not  repel  iiim  they  would  be  sent  to  France. 
Til  ',  tU3  a  successfi  ^?p  towards  a  preparation  to 
rippo;  3  Hull  Brock  then  i)cat  up  for  volunteers  at 
i  i  01  ge,  to  f  0  with  hin  and  opp>  .se  the  iiw  d ^j-^ 
promising  all  who  would  engage  with  him  to  fare  tiie 
same  with  himself,  and  have  200  acres  of  land,— 
About  .ia)  turned  out,  and  took  water  to  go  by  the 
way  of  I^ake  Erie.  At  the  same  time  he  sent  two 
pieces  of  Hying  artillery,  and  a  few  regulars  by  land. 
He  had  also  ordered  some  part  of  the  m*'itia  from 
the  district  of  London,  about  a  hunuiod  njiles  from 
Sandmeh,  to  march  there.  This  r  ly  refused  to 
do  of  their  ov.n  accord,  and  others  were  persuaded 
so  to  rduss  by  a  Iv!  .  Culver,  a  Mr.  Beamcr,  aiid  one 
m  '/j-e,  w:ho  rode  amcng  the  people  for  tlx  days,  tell- 

hc.ndtd,  and  the  most  of  the  people  became  obedi» 


t 


if'i 


I 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


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Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  MS80 

(716)  872-4503 


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cttt.  After  this,  they  had  their  choice  to  go  or  stay, 
and  some  went.  The  result  of  this  expedition  is  suP 
ficiently  public,  and  need  not  be  inserted  here.  Hovr- 
ever,  it  maCy  be  here  remarked,  that  -^he  capture  f^C 
Hull  and  all  his  army,  with  the  surrender  of  the  fort 
of  Detroit,  and  all  the  Michigan  Teritory,  were  ev^ntii 
which  the  people  of  Canada  could  scarcely  bdiev^j 
even  ifter  they  were  known  to  Im^  true.  Indc;  d» 
when  I  saw  the  ofiicers  and  soldiers  returning  to  Fort 
George,  with  the  spoils  of  my  countrymen,  I  could 
scarcely  believe  my  own  eyes.  The  most  of  the  peo- 
ple in  Canada  think  that  Hull  was  Iwcibed  by  the 
British  to  giv«  up  the  forte 

After  this  event,  the  people  of  Canada  became  fear- 
ful of  disobeying  the  government— some  that  hud 
fled  to  the  wilderness  returned  home— and  the  friendi? 
or  the  United  States  were  discouraged,  and  tliose  t£ 
the  King  encouraged.  ■ 

Great  preparations  were  now  made — the  militi®^ 
were  trained  every  week,  and  a  number  more  called 
•ut ;  and  some  hundreds  of  regulars  came  from  i^ 
hwer  province.  The  army  nbw  became  respectable^ 
and  a  dread  fell  on  those  who  had  opposed  the  go- 
verament.  The  people  now  saw  that  it  was  as  much 
as  their  property  and  lives  were  worth  to  disol>ey  oiJ* 
ders,  and  now  what  they  had  been  compelled  to  4«% 

iJi^t^l.  ti  iiliiU    ♦ViiiiC    iii\jjr'.    i»ivi   :iViii  ■i, ii' J- i.v-..i 

Thinss  nmauied  in  this  situation  till  August,  wbcB 


I 


1  is  nvJr' 

)ture  (4. 
the  fort 
e  ev':i»tii 
believe. 
Indeed, 
to  Fort 
■  could 
he  pco'- 
by  tlie 

lat  btfd 
I  friendi! 
tliose  ()i- 

jiiilitiE 
e  called 
rem  th^ 
ectable^ 
tlie  gt?- 
IS  inucfe 
Dbcj?  <^ 
d  to4iOj 

dfVfhm 


«;  • 


*i  > 


m 

the  Parliament  met  for  a  short  session,  and  put  all  the 
pi|blic  inoney.  into  the  hands  of  the  govejnour,  and 
aJfio  passed  an  act  making  it  treason  for  any  person, 
man  or  woman,  to  speak  against  the  Administration, 
or  to  refuse  going  or  persuade  any  of  his  Majesty's 
subjects  from  going  to  war,  ;^They  strove  hard  also 
to  pass  an  act  to  establish  tiie  martial  law,  but  the 
biilwas  violentljf  opposed  by  the  friends  of  the  peo- 
ple, particularly  by  J.  Wilicocks,  an  Irishman.    The 
members  of  Parliament  pu])lished  an  address  to  the 
people,  in  which  they  all  promised  to  assist  in  tlie 
war,  both  with  their  counsel  and  arms;  and  when 
the  house  dissolved;  the  most  of  them  took  tl^  field.* 
In  the  course  of  the  aimmeri  Broeky  who  was  in- 
deed a  f         n,  had  rendered  himself  very  dear  to 
all  the  8oiu..i&  at  F  )rt  George^  and  to  the  people  in 

general. 

In  this  situation  tilings  remakicd,  and  the  array 
increased^  till  the  invasion  of  the  province  at  Queens- 
ton,  an  account  of  which  has  been  laid  before  the 
public.  However,  it  may  not^Jhe^amlsg  to  make  a 
few  remarks  on  the  subjects 

Early  in  the  mornmg  of  the  13th  of  October,  1812, 
some  Americana  landed  on  the  bank  at  Qucenston, 
unobserved ;  but  were  soon  dMcovered,  and  the  alarm 
given,  at  which  tune  they  retreated  unseen  (as  it  was 

»  If  the  members  of  Confftess  wovud  act  uiu»,  ii  wouid 
make  a  great  alteration  in  the  war. 


u 


i 


1  I 


yet  d.<irk)  tlirough  the  village,  and  to  Black  Swi\  s  ^  •, 
four  miles  back.# 

At  the  name  time  the  Americans  on  the  Ucji.  d 
States  side  opened  their  cannon  to  the  British  s] « > 
to  keep  them  frona  coming  do^\  n  to  the  beacJi  to  r  t> 
pose  the  inva<lers,  then  crossing  with  boats*    At  il  e 
same  time  the  cannon  from  two  batteries  were  levt; 
ed  against  them  from  the  Britisli  side,  beside  the  i 
from  the  small  arras  of  four  hundred  soldiers  whiv 
were  stationed  there  at  that  time.     Yet  througli  all 
this  opposition  the  brave  Americans  effected  a  land 
ing,  drove  the  British  back  and  took  possession  of  tbr; 
batteries  and  cannon,  which  however  were  spiked. 

They  remained  in  peace  a  little  while,  when  Br^ck 
came,  rallied  about  three  hundred  soldiers,  includiiii:' 
Indians,  and  made  an  attempt  to  retake  a  battery  i 
the  side  of  the  slope,  close  by  Queenston,  and  v  r 
killed,  two  balls  entering  his  body  ;    his  Aid-de-caji . - 
fell  at  tlie  same  time,  while  on  his  horse  encourage 
the  people.      The  Americans  were  njasters  of  f  be 
ground  after  that  for  four  hours  in  which  time  miuiy 
might  have  landed,  though  it  was  not  the  case. 

Elxpresses  now  went  down  to  Fort  George,  df^ui 
miles,  and  the  sound  was  on  float,  hurry,  boys,  or 
else  our  dear  General  will  be  killed  :  and  others  crkd 
he  is  wounded,  he  is  wounded,  hurry,  hurry,  sic, 

*  The  aicusi  of  these  uaiire  tlie   ue:a    day,  and  gave  tilt  »j 
selves  up  to  the  Britlsk* 


9UT    i 

with 
eight 

ry,  w 

ihsA 
above 
all  ra 
rushei 
seeme 
treate 
the  wi 
yet  th 
to  kill 
Gen.! 
6word 
that  i 
the  ]] 
lad  s 
andgc 
mjich 
can  re: 
bleed  s 
Wh 
my  h(5 
numbt 


n 


- 1-  r.  a  ■     " 


tdbt. 


e  Uciled 
ish  shofi) 
',h  to  rp 

At  iixe 
sre  level 
5  the.  {?.'•' 

'ougli  ail 
I  aland 
noftbtM 
^iked. 
en  Brock 
uclndmg 
ittery  ^ 
and  wr 
<le-cajiip 
iuragiii/: 
"s  of  the 
ae  many 
se. 

boys,  or 

i;rs  crffd 
ry,  ff./i:, 


f>5 

.  i»iir  Goyernonr.     Such  sounds  filled  crcry  bosom 
with  raartial  fire,      .u  reinforcernent  of  one  thousand 
eight  hundred  soldiers  and  six  pieces  of  tlying  artille- 
ry, was  soon  in  marching  orders,  under  Gen.  Sheaife: 
they  ascended  the  slope  one  mile  and  a  half  west  of 
the  American  army,  which  was  then  on  the  heights 
above^  Queenston.    When  they  came  in  sight,  they 
all  raised  the  Indian  wlioop,  let  loose  the  cannon,  & 
rushed  on  with  great  impetuosity.     Tlie  Americans 
seemed  panic  struck,  did  not  form,  or  fight,  but  re- 
treated a  small  distance,  but  the  awful  chime  was  in 
the  Way :  they  surrendered,  and  quarters  wer«  given, 
yet  the  lodians  who  were  on  the  left  wing,  continued 
to  kill  with  their  tomahawks,  which  so  exasperated 
Gen.  Sheaife,  that  he  threw  off  his  hat,  and  stuck  hie 
6word  in  the  ground  up  to  the  handle,  and  declared, 
that  if  every  man  did  not  exert  himself  to  preven*. 
the  Indians  from  killing  the  Americans,  after  they 
iad  surrendered,  he  would  give  up  the  confmand 
and  go  home.    The  militia  and  regulars  then,  with 
mjtch  ado  stopped  the  Indians  from  killing.    No  one 
can  reflect  on  this  scene  without  feeling  his  heart 
bleed  at  the  view  of  human  misery. 

When  I  heard  the  cannon,  in  the  morning,  I  took 
my  horse  and  rode  down,  and  on  the  road  met  a 
number  of  the  Massaugug  Indians  who  had  made 

tdb«. 


i 

I  ; 


*? 


w 


!      I 


1*^1 


After  this  the  British  contemplated  another #hi>.t. 
sion  hnniedia.ely,  and  therefore  called  ail  the  rail    i 
from  sixteen  to  sixty,  from  the  river  Credit  roi;' 
the  head  of  Ontario  to  the  west  side  of  the  Gran.' 
River,  and  between  the  two  lakes,  as  also  more  iimi 
one  half  from  the  London  and  Home  districts  to  1  oi  t 
George,  and  other  stations  on  the  Niagara  river  1  • 
Fort  Erie,  which  made  an  army  of  eight  thoaruiJ 
soldiers.    This  order  was  resisted  witii  considerabla 
,j5pirit,  yet  it  was  too  late,  for  not  only  the  officeVs  of 
the  army  and  the  Indians  were  engaged  to  compel 
obedience,  but  all^the  militia  that  had  been  m  the 
service;  they  thought  it  hard  and  unreasonable  ^Mi 
they  must  bear  all  the  burden  and  dangers  ol    lue 
war,  therefore  a  number  of  them  were  zealously  en- 
gaged to  bring  forward  the  disobedient,  althouglj. 
their  neighbours  and  relations.    An  example  of  ihb 
sort  may  be  named :  about  twelve  days  after  th^  •  kj 
tie,  a  C«oL  Graham,  on  Yonge  street,  ordered  his  m- 
giment  to  meet,  in  order  to  draft  a  number  to  send  to 
Fort  George :  however,  about  forty  did  not  appear 
but  went  out  into  Whitechurch  township,  neail; 
wilderness,  and  there  joined  about  thirty  more,  vtli?? ' 
hadfled  from  different  places.     When  the  regiment- 
met,  there  were  present  some  who  had  yet  liberty  '^ 
absence  a  lew  days  from  Fort  George,  these  witi     ■  > 

number  of  o^**.  hundred  and  sixty,  to  go  and  k  U  ii 


)t  herein 
the  rail     t 
v4\i  roi  i  ■  * 

the  Gra.L„: 
more  ihnn 
icts  to  ,1'ort 
ra  river  i^ 
t  thomajvl 
onsideraI)'e 
J  officers  ';f 
.  to  compel 
)een  m  tlse 
onable  tluxi, 
ers  of    th,!' 
ealousiy  en- 
L,  altlioaglj. 
aple  of  t^uK 
tetb""^).'.^'^ 
ered  his  ri^ 
;r  to  smd  to 
not  ax^pear, 
p,  neai  h/  a 
niore^  v^iu'  "^ 
he  regimeiii, 
etlilK   ' 


se  witlA  0 

0  and  i'v-^^  iii 


them  in,  to  which  the  Colonel  agreed,  but  ordered 
Ihem  to  take  no  arms ;    but  when  they  found  they 
imA  not  take  arms,  they  would  not  go.     At  the  first 
r  1  Decenniber  they  had  increased  to  about  three  hun- 
d  td:   about  which  time  as  I  was  on  ray  way  to 
K  ?ngston  to  ootain  a  passport  to  leave  tlie  province,  I 
sau  about  fifty  of  them  near  Smith's  creek,  in  New- 
i  'le  district,  en  the  main  road,  with  fife  and  drum, 
?.  \  ling  up  for  volunteers,  crying  huzza  for  Madison; 
None  of  the  people  in  this  district  bear  arms,  ex- 
<  pt  twelve  at  Presquile  harbour.     They  are  univer- 
jMiJJy  in  favour  of  the  United  States,  and  if  ever  an- 
i ;  ^^r  army  is  landed  in  Canada,  it  ought  to  be  here, 
^vhich  would  be  a  hundred  miles  from  any  British 
e,  and  before  one  could  march  there,  nearly  all 
Canada  militia  would  desert,  especially  if  the 
-  !  erican  army  was  large.     But  whenever  the  Am^r- 
kaiis  attempt  to  land  where  there  is  an  army,  that 
rty  will  fight  till  they  are  nearly  all  destroyed,  for 
.j»  V  dare  not  rebel,  not  having  now  any  faith  in  any 
off:  rs  of  protection  in  a  rebellion,  as  they  have  been 
If  reived.    Indeed  many  of  the  militia  are  considera- 
bly exasperated  against  the  invaders,  for  they  think 
ih  if,  itjis  hard  that  they  should  feel  the  misery  of  war 
ho  have  no  agency  in  the  councils  of  England,  and 
u;  ^^  that  the  United  States  government  cannot  force 
V    uan  over  the  line,  of  course  those  that  come,  they 
'  -vi  dscommg  oi  their  owu  choice,  as  void  uf  justice 


1 1 


'.I 


i''  P'     V 


i   1 


Mkil 


98 

and  l^umatiity,  and  therefore  deserve  to  he  killed  for 
their  intrusion. 

In  August,  the  inhabitants  were  called  together,  in 
order  that  all  who  had  not  taken  the  oath  of  allegi- 
ance, mi^ht  take  it  without  exception.  However, 
some  refused,  some  were  put  in  the  cells,  and  others 
were  not  dealt  so  hard  with.  Many  took  the  oath 
rather  than  suffer  thus^ 

Some  time  in  the  month  of  November,  the  Ameri- 
cans became  masters  of  Lake  Ontario,  which  was 
very  grievous  to  the  British*  About  the  same  time,* 
tlie  Governour* issued  his  proclamation  ordering  all 
the  citizens  of  the  United  States,  residing  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Upper  Canada,  who  had  refused  to  take 
the  oath  of  allegiance^  to  leave  the  province  by  ap- 
plying at  certain  boards  of  inspection  appointed  to 
examine  into  the  claims  of  those  who  asked  that  pri- 
vilege ;  and  all  who  did  not  so  receive  passports,  and 
leave  the  province  by  the  1st  of  January,  1813,  and 
still  refused  to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance,  ^uld  be 
considered  as  alien  enemies  and  spies,  and  be  dealt 
with  accordingly.  This  proclamation  was  of  short 
dura:tioD  and  but  little  circulated ;  of  course,  but  few 
received  the  benefit  which  they  ought  to  have  had, 
according  to  Jay's  treaty. 

The  victories  that  the  British  obtained  over  Hull 
Ski.  DetrQit^  a.THi  Vnii  R.p.i!<?splap.r  ^t  OiiPf^nsfAn  wf^jf 
very  encouraging  to  the  different  tribes  of  Indians 


JL 


mr\ 


09 


«  killed  for 

together,  in 
h  of  allegi- 
However, 
>  and  others 
►ok  the  oath 

the  Ameri- 
which  was 
same  time,' 
ordering  all 
in  the  pro- 
sed to  take 
nee  by  ap- 
ppointed  to 
ed  that  pri- 
ssports,  and 
,  1813,  and 
I,  ^uld  be 
id  be  dealt 
as  of  short 
rse,  but  few 
)  have  had, 

over  Hull 


nef 


Ar»     «;pr/» 


of  Indiant 


0  engage  with  them  in  the  war.     At  the  coramence- 

;8nt  of  the  contest,  the  most  of  the  Indians  refused 

. ;  take  any  part  in  tlie  war,  alleging  that  the  Ame- 

'ans  were  foo  numerous ;  but  they  wove  told  that 

.  i hough  they  Averc  numerous,  but  very  few  would 

ine  over,  as  the  government  could  not  compel  Ihem  ; 

V !  (1  that  if  they  did  not  fi^^^hf,  they  would  lose  theu* 

i:i*;d.     Some  of  the  white  people  were  also  led  to  be- 

K  ve,  that  they  would  be  deprived  of  their  huid  and 

;h;.T   property.     In  the   course  of  the  summer,  on 

■  uc  line  l)etwccn  Fort  George  and  Fort  Erie,  there 
V  re  not  more  than  1000  Indians  under  arms  at  one 
:  iue.  The^e  ludians  go  to  and  fro  as  they  please,  to 
ih(  country  and  back,  and  are  very  troublesome  to 
ilu;  w^omen  when  theu'  husbands  ai*e  gone,  as  they 
,  .under  and  take  what  they  please,  and  often  beat 
llic  w^omen,  to  force  them  to  give  them  whi-rkey,  even 
'lien  they  are  not  in  possession  of  any ;  and  wiien 

'  y  see  any  man  that  has  not  gone  to  the  Lines,  tlicy 
fall  hira  a  Yankee,  and  threaten  to  kill  him  f(  r  not 
iroiitg  to  fight ;  and  indeed,  in  some  instances,  their 

■  ]  iats  have  been  put  in  execution.  They  act  with 
gi(  jt  authority  and  rage — since  they  have  stained 
I  lie;  •  h  an  ds  w  it  h  h  u  man  bloot  I . 

rhe  inhabitants  at  large  would  be  extremely  glad 

't  out  of  their  present  miserable  situation,  at  al- 

(      !  any  rate;  but  they  dare  not   venture  u,  rebel- 

ii-    without  being  sure  of  protection.    And  3ls they 


^7tf% 


IS' 

pi 


f  I 

I- 

I.: 


im 


ii 


!  if 


hi 


fe^, 


ml 


ilPIRt  i 


«!■    t    l!    I    I 


100 

now  do  not  expect  that  the  Amerisan  government 
will  ever  send  in  a  siilficientJy  lar^i^e  army  to  afford 
them  a  sccuiity,  should  they  re])el,  they  feel  it  their 
duty  to  Idll  all  they  can  while  they  are  coming  over, 
that  they  may  discourage  any  more  from  invading 
the  provu;ce,  that  the  government  may  give  up  tlie 
idea  of  conquering  it,  and  withdraw  their  foicc-?, 
that  they  may  go  liome  also ;  for  they  are  greatly 
distressed  in  leaving  their  families  so  long,  many  of 
whom  are  in  a  si'flering  condition. 

Ever  i^Iace  the  commencement  of  tlie  ^\ar,  there 
lias  been  no  collection  of  debt^  by  law,  in  tjie  upper 
part  of  the  province?;  and  to^vards  the  fall  In  no  part ; 
nor  would  one  pay  another,  No  person  can  get  cre- 
dit from  any  one  to  the  amount  of  one  dollar ;  nor 
can  any  one  sell  any  of  their  property  for  any  price, 
except  provision  or  clothing;  for  those  who  have 
money,  are  determined  to  keep  it  for  the  last  resort. 
No  business  is  carried  on  by  any  person,  except  what 
is  absolutely  necessary  for  the  time. 

In  the  upper  part  of  the  province,  ail  the  schools 
are  broken  up,  and  no  preaching  is  heard  in  tha  land. 
All  is  gloomy — all  if?  war  and  mi.^.Ty. 
■  Upon  the  declaration  of  war,  the  governoiu-  laid 
an  embargo  on  all  the  ijour,  wheat,  and  pork,  then  in 
the  province,  destined  for   market,  %vhich  was  at  a 

thtlP.    wljpn     VITV     lifH^     h'Arl    Ijaff    4l-»«   .M.,-..r.'.-,«r.  T'U^ 

.. J      ,. ,,-,.,■,.!.  j-„At.-   vi^-^   |-i  w  V  ii;v>-»-»         JLiiV 

next  harvest  v^a.-:  truly  bountiful,  asaiijo  the  crops  of 


\ 


;:ovenmient 
iy  to  alibrd 
'eel  it  their 
)iiiiiig  over, 
111  invading 
^ive  up  tlie 
licir  foi((::\ 
are  greatly 
[g,  many  of 

^var,  there 
1  tJie  upper 
in  no  part ; 
an  get  cre- 
lollar ;  nor 
r  any  price, 
who  have 
hist  resort, 
xcept  what 

the  schools 
!i  the  land. 

^rnoiu'  laid 
Drif,  then  in 
h  was  at  a 


iy  n  f\  'I     I*  yi, 


10  crops  of 


lOX 

corn,  buckwheat,  and  peas ;  tlie  niost  of  ^vhidl  were 
gathered,  except  the  buckwheat,  which  was  on  the 
rround  when  all  the  people  were  called  away  after 
the  ^  ittle  of  Queenston  ;  so  that  the  people  have 
a  [)l€nty  of  provision  as  yet   (April,  1813).     But, 
!  iiouid  the  war  conthme,  they  must  suffer,  as  not 
niore  tlian  one  half  of  tlie  farmers,  especially  of  the 
upper  part  of  Canada,  fiowed  any  winter  grain,  be- 
cause, when  they  ought  to  have  done  it,  they  were 
died  away  to  the  lines.    Although  I  say  that  tlie 
people  in  general  have  grain  enough,  yet  some  women 
are  r.')w  su  Ifering  for  bread,  as  their  husbands  iixe  on 
ill   lines,  and  they  and  their  children  have  no  money 
li'ir  credit,  nor  can  they  get  any  work  to  dr.. 

is  soon  as  the  snow  fell  in  Canada,  and  the  sleigh- 
ing J H«ame  good,  (which  was  in  the  last  of  Novera- 
?■:  r,  the  British  exerted  themselves  to  the  utmost 
to  m  >vide  for  the  supi^ort  of  the  war.  A  large  price 
iffered  for  flour  and  pork,  particularly  near  the 
of  the  lower  part  of  tjie  Slate  of  New. York,  on 
i  '!  t,  Lawrence,  and  near  the  line  of  Vermont  and 
Hampshire,  in  order  to  get  a  largA^ supply  for 
>  iher  year,  and  to  induce  the  citizens  of  the  United 
SUdes  to  transgress  the  laws;  and  it  appears  that 
Tonie,  by  the  love  of  money,  were  prevailed  upon  to 

>:■  the  months  t)f  December  and  January,  Fome 
'  1    neds  of  sleighs  were  almost  constantly  on  the 

i2 


01 


f 

i:  1 


103 

voail  £v(tta  iVfoiilrcal  and  other  places  in  the  lower 
provitice,  carrying  provisions  and  military  btores  to 
Ivin;;ston,  York,  Niagara,  and  other  parts  in  the  up- 
per province.  But  where  all  these  provisions  came 
from,  I  am  not  able  to  pay. 

About  this  time  in  December,  the  Britidi  also 
were  making'  preparations  to  aEserahlo  a  large  force 
at  Kingston,  in  order  to  cross  tlie  lower  end  of  Lake 
Ontario  on  the  ice,  and  if  possible  to  destroy  the 
American  vessels  laying  at  Sacket's  Harbour,  which 
they  considered  as  powerful  and  dangerous :  and  to 
eifcct  thi?,  they  were  ddcrmined  to  lay  out  all  their 
strength,  or  all  that  they  possibly  could  «pare,  for 
tliat  budoesB.'* 

In  the  month  of  December  a])out  one  hundred  and 
twenty  ship  carpenters  ceinie  from  1  lie  lower  province 
to  Kingston  aind  York,  in  order  to  build  seven  vessels 
on  Lake  Ontario.  The  government  expected  io  have 
them  finished  by  the  tims  the  ice  was  out  of  the  lake, 
which  seven,  with  four  that  wcie  then  nearly  fit  for 
use,  would  make  a  tei  of  eleven  sail,  which,  it  was 

*  Some  time  in  February,  informutlon  readied  the  United 
States  tliut  the  Coveriiour  of  tlie  lower  province  had  arrived  at 
Kingston  with  5000  ti  oops,  which  together  with  what  was  station- 
ed  there,  and  with  Vi'Iiat  ini^^ht  be  collected  of  the  militia  round 
about  would  make  an  army  of  9000  strong* ;  and  I  liave  wondered 

ivbv  tiw^Tr  A'tA  nnf  ni'ilrr^  en  <it!-f>rr»nt  wliilr>  i]:f  Iria  \yiic  «fri'nt\.>  •    lAilf 

as  it  was  not  done,  I  am  inclined  to  believe  that  the  militia  would 
%ot  ^fo  over  for  thui  purpose,  ;;s  the  law  does  not  o]>lige  them. 


-^ 


103 


the  lowrr 
r  btores  to 
In  Ihc  up- 
ions  came 

itish  also 
LTge  force 
[1  of  ]^ake 
'Ftroy  the 
ur,  which 
s' :  and  to 
t  all  their 
spare,  for 

idred  and 
r  province 
m\  vessels 
id  to  have 
f  the  lake, 
&j  lit  for 
ch,  it  was 

the  United 
I  arrived  at 

\\'i\.9:  station- 
iiilitia  round 
re  Avondered 
stvoUi,'  :  but^ 
\ilitia  would 


thought,  would  l)esufhcient  to  regain  possession  of 
I.akc  Ontario.  However,  I  am  fully  of  opinion  that 
the  Britisli  Vv  ill  not  be  able  to  finish  more  than  three 
iMifore  the  ice  Jeavos  the  lake. 

Some  little  time  ])e,.,re  Hull  Invaded  tlie  province, 
there  was  an  armi.^lice  entered  into  by  the  comlnand- 
ers  of  the  armies  on  both  sides  of  the  I  Lie,  at  which 
time  a  number  of  the  militia  were  permitted  to  go 
home,  and  whicJi  was  a  joyful  thing  to  them.    When 
tills  armistice  was  madti  known  to  Mr.  Madison,  he 
refused  to  agree  to  it,  and  when  notice  was  given  of 
hiN  refusal  to  the  Govcrnour  of  Canada,  all  the  mili- 
tia T\'ere  called  back.     Some  tiniti  before  the  buttle  of 
Queenston,  there  was  another  armistice  agreed  upon 
for  an  unlimited  time,  but  the  conditions  M^ere  such, 
that  if  eii.iier  party  wished  to  commence  hostilities, 
thit  party  should  give  the  other  four  days  notice. 
Immediately    uj)on     this    agreement,     almost     all 
the    miiiiia    were  permitted    to    go    home,   and 
about  one  half  of  them  had  got  some  miles  on  the 
road,  and  some  that  lived  nit^h  to  the  line  had  got 
once  more  to  tjie  bosom  of  their  families,  wath  the 
sweet  liopc  of  never  agiin  returning  to  the  place  of 
danger  and  d 'ith. — But  oh,  hard  late !    notice  was 
sent  fr^^ni  the  American  side  that  the  armistice  must 
end  in  iour  djys;  ofcouise,  all  the  militia  that  had 
got  houK^  or   on  thdr  w:  y,  Ave.re  called  back  again, 
and  \yitlia  heavy  heart  many  a  man  parted  with 


iMiJIIBrjWMWiJS-" 


104 


10 


P  H'l 


i  ,     ^! 


:i:  n 


the  wife  of  his  bosom,  and  children  of  his  Io\'tr 
the  last  time. 

The  Indians  are  forbid  by  the  British  rovern 
ment  from  crossing  the  Jines  at  any  time,  or  pla< 
are  watched  and  guarded  for  fear  they  will ;    »      . 
British  know  that  if  the  Indians  were  permit  (1  to 
cross  and  commit  depredations  on  the  United  States 
side,  that  it  vrould  unite  all  the  people  against  ihcm 
and  that  their  safety  or  success   lies  in  their  pi  ,;      c 
of  forl^earance  and  humanity  in  the  war. 

Perhaps  seiue  of  my  readers  arc  ready  here  to  say 
that  I  am  a  wretched  tory,  and  deserve  to  ht  'icRg 
for  writisg  thus,  and  for  naming  forbearance  ar?d  ^u 
manity  with  the  word  British,  after  they  ha'  ■  en- 
couraged the  Indians  to  murder  so  many  wom^  m  v!  i  d 
ehildren,  by  paying  them  so  great  a  price  for    j   r 
icalps.     But  dear  reader,  if  you  ^vill  have  a  litl 
tience,  I  will  tell  you  the  trutli  as  mgh  as  1  ium:-, 
though  I  expect  you  will  not  believe  it :    \vh\  r,   ]<, 
the  Indians  ara  not  paid  one  cent  for  scalp: , 
have  they  taken  any  of  any  account  since  the  b^itk: 
of  Brownstown,*  and  every  one  that  they  tooi  ll^erf 
they  brought  down  to  Fort  George,  by  my   h  itse. 
I  asked  several  of  the  chiefs,  who  stopped  t>    :  f 
some  bread,  what  they  took  them  for,  iithc  go  ,  en 

*  It  is  entirelv  indifTerent  to  me  whether  knyo'ie  beliovf 
remarks  or  not :  indeed  I  will  not  stand  ior  the  truth  of  it,  -      , 
is  the  nearest  or  greatest  evi  k-nce  i could  get  on  tlie  subjec ; 


I 


■ 


305 


til ;  It'i;  iiiC 
rmitt-v!  to 
ited.  States 

inst  tlK  Hi, 

leie  t(}  sii¥ 

:e  aiui  In,?.. 
ha'VL'  en- 

for    lu'ir 

,  litt.      :/: 

as  1  ca!\, 

^alpF,    ^  V- 

the  b:^1t/e 
Looic  tiierc 
ly  1/  .11? 

d  t.  .■.•:. 


.c  govcrri" 


HfVfM 

of  if.  . 

i.ibjec ; 


ciir  or  Co!.  Claus   (an    Indian  agent    at  Niagara) 

give  them  any  thin.t;-  for  them  ;   they  told  me  not, 

but  that  they  took  them  to  shew  the  gbvernour  how 

many  men  they  had  kilJed  with  their  own  hands, 

and  that  some  times  a  good  King's  man  would  give 

them  some   dram,  when    they    shewed   them  the 

scalps.     They  told  me  that  none  of  the  .Indians  took 

any  scalps  fron>.  women  or  children  but  only  from 

those  whom   they  had  killed   in  battle;  but  they 

wished  that  the  governour  would  give  them  money 

for  Ecalp^',  they  would  kill  plenty.     When  they  took 

these  scalps  down  to  Fort  George,  the  Governour  and 

Col.  Clans  reproved  them  for  their  conduct,  and  told 

them  to  take  no  more  scalps  at  any  tinte  or  place. 

This  order  they  pretty  much  obeyed,  yet  it  is  im- 

possible  to  rule  those  ferocious  savagep.     But  if  they 

now  take  any  scalps,  it  is  both  against  the  knowledge 

andwillof  the  Britidi. 

In  making  these  remarks  I  do  not  wish  to  1)8  un- 
derstood that  I  believe  the  British  government  is 
too  good  to  wish  or  iKrrmit  the  Indians  to  kill  and 
scalp  any  that  lie?  in  their  power.  I  do  not  pretend 
to  say  or  judge  how  this  is,  but  I  know  how  the  gov- 
ernour and  others  act  on  tliis  occasion,  and  believe 
that  the  safety  of  the  province  is  a  preliminary  con- 
sideration, for  as  I  noted  before,  it  is  well  known  that 
such  conduct  as  tJiat  of  encouraging  the  Indians  to 
commit  depredations  would  be  the  most  likely  means 


106 


n 


Mi 


i') 


|:1 

f    ' 

•I: 


!»*'; 


It  I 


Vi 


li    I 


to  join  all  the  people  of  the  United  Stales  agniu: . 
them.  But  at  present  they  view  that  their  safci 
hangs  upon  the  opposition  of  what  they  call  I  ^ 
friends  of  peace  to  the  United  States  government,  ami 
they  are  very  careful  not  to  act  so  as  to  incur  i 
displeasure  of  those  friends  of  peace.  The  inhabit- 
ants in  general  feel  as  if  they  were  fighting  aej^iir?! 
their  own  fathers,  brothers,  and  sons,  whicli  in  mapy 
instances  is  actually  the  case.  In  the  first  of  the  war 
the  people  of  Canada  seeme<l  panic  struck;  they 
ceased  from  all  business,  they  even  negiectcd  to  pre 
pare  or  eat  food,  until  hunger  compelled  them  to  it, 
However,  after  a  wliile  they  began  to  do  a  little  worlt, 
yet  only  what  was  needful  at  the  present  time. 

The  opinion  of  many  in  Canada  now  is  that  the 
province  ought  now  to  be  conquered  for  the  good  o-: 
the  inhabitants  on  both  sides,  for  many  in  Canada, 
since  the  war,  on  the  British  side,  have  showed 
themselves  strong  friends  to  the  Umled  States,  anc 
are  marked  by  the  British  government  as  objects  ol 
revenge  on  that  account.     Here  there  has  been  a  con 
siderablc  number  of  Indians  killed  l.)y  the  Ameri 
cans,  which  has  so  exasperated  those  now  alive,  that 
should  there  be  a  treaty  made,  and  those  Indians  al- 
lowed as  much  liberty  as  they  now  have,  they  would 
continually  be  crossing  tlie  line  and  committing  mur- 


„  *i- 


e  ml 


U«l,i  +  . 


QilO     Oil    iiii;   iIiUU.(JiLa.Ii(. 


^4-       41'fcrt    -yvtrw-i^  -f  ay*, 


f/k     -I'tixroncYe^ 


oncri 

the  jo^s  of  tlicir  kindred.      And  also  because  there 


i 


lor 


;s  agaiu^- 
cir  safe: . 
call  t.  e 
ment,  and 
incur  t: 
a  inhab  it  > 

!i  in  many 
)f  the  war 
uck;  the\ 
d  to  pre 
;iem  to  it 
ittk  work 
ime. 

i  that  the 
le  good  0 
Q  Canadii, 
e  ihowed 
states,  anc 
objects  of 
been  a  con 
he  Anieri- 
alive,  thai 
Indians  al- 
hey  would 
Ltting  mur- 

.w       t  -  T  ---%^- 

sause  there 


V 


has  a  number  of  Americans  left  the  province  ?\  e  the 
war,  either  by  permission  or  without,  and  a  i.i;mber 
of  these  have  land  and  other  property  there  which 
they  never  can  obtam  again,  except  the  province  is 
conquered :  for  it  must  be  noticed  that  all  the  land 
in  Canada  has  been  given  to  the  first  settlers  by  the 
King,  and  it  is  specified  in  every  original  deed,  which 
is  a  deed  of  gift,  that  no  person  can  hold  it  by 
transferment  more  t^an  one  year,  except  they  take 
the  oatii  of  allegiance  to  his  Majesty.  Now,  al- 
though this  is  the  law,  and  it  is  so  specified  in  eV' 
ery  original  deed,  yet  very  few  people  know  it  to  be 
the  case  that  \vent  from  the  United  States  and  bought 
land,  of  course  many  have  lived  there  on  their  land 
a  number  of  years  without  taking  the  oath,  and  as 
many  of  such  have  come  away  rather  than  take  the 
oath,  of  course  their  lands  accorduig  to  law  will  fall 
back  to  the  King. 


FINIS. 


